Question

question 50
national monarchies emerged from
a sense of shared identity fused with kingship, which was made possible by the rise of vernacular
languages and wars.
legal reforms of the twelfth century that emphasized centralization and the rule of law within
political communities.
humanists promoting the corpus juris civilis as a model for the law of nations.
the realities of new military technologies, such as gunpowder, that allowed monarchs to suppress
dissent.
europeans fear of the ottoman empire, especially after the conquest of constantinople.

Explanation:

National monarchies emerged due to a combination of factors. A sense of shared identity (often tied to vernacular languages which helped in unifying people linguistically and culturally) fused with kingship (the idea of a single ruler). Wars also played a role as they could either unify regions under a monarch's leadership (for defense or expansion) or create a need for a strong central authority (the monarch) to coordinate resources and troops.
Legal reforms in the twelfth - century (option 2) were more about feudal legal systems and not the main cause of national monarchies. Humanists promoting the Corpus Juris Civilis (option 3) was more of an intellectual movement related to law scholarship rather than a direct cause of national monarchies. New military technologies like gunpowder (option 4) came later in history compared to the emergence of national monarchies. Fear of the Ottoman Empire (option 5) was a factor in some diplomatic and military strategies but not the root cause of the emergence of national monarchies.

Answer:

a sense of shared identity fused with kingship, which was made possible by the rise of vernacular languages and wars.