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question 31
karyotyping

1. shows pairs of homologous chromosomes
2. shows blood types
3. examines points of crossing over.
4. reveals the presence of cancerous genes.

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Explanation:

Karyotyping is a laboratory technique that arranges chromosomes in pairs. It helps in visualizing and analyzing the number, size, and shape of chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes (one from each parent) that have the same genes at the same loci. Karyotyping specifically shows these pairs of homologous chromosomes. Blood types are determined by antigens on red blood cells and not related to karyotyping. Crossing - over points are studied in the context of meiosis and genetic recombination, not karyotyping. While karyotyping can sometimes show large - scale chromosomal abnormalities that may be associated with cancer (like translocations in some cases), it does not directly'reveal the presence of cancerous genes' in the sense of identifying specific oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes at the molecular level.

Answer:

1. shows pairs of homologous chromosomes