Question

1. name the 4 main elements that make up 95% of an organism.
2. name the 4 types of bonds carbon can form.
3. what are macromolecules?
4. name the 4 classes of macromolecules.
5. give 2 examples of nucleic acids.
6. what elements make up carbohydrates & lipids (symbols)?
7. name 3 elements your body needs trace amounts of for proper functioning.
8. macromolecules are also known as
9. if all the macromolecules are made mainly of the elements cho, how are they different?
10. name 2 ways your body uses carbohydrates.
11. what are the subunits called that make up carbohydrates?
12. what is the ratio of c, h, and o in monosaccharides?
13. name 3 monosaccharides.
14. monosaccharides are sugars.
15. what are disaccharides & give an example?

Explanation:

1. The four main elements that make up 95% of an organism are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). These are the building blocks for most biological molecules.
2. Carbon can form single bonds (e.g., in alkanes like methane \(CH_4\)), double bonds (e.g., in alkenes like ethene \(C_2H_4\)), triple bonds (e.g., in alkynes like ethyne \(C_2H_2\)), and covalent bonds with other non - metals (as it has 4 valence electrons and can share electrons to achieve a stable octet).
3. Macromolecules are large molecules formed by the polymerization of smaller subunits. They have high molecular weights and play crucial roles in biological systems.
4. The four classes of macromolecules are carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, starch), lipids (e.g., fats, phospholipids), proteins (e.g., enzymes, antibodies), and nucleic acids (e.g., DNA, RNA).
5. Two examples of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which stores genetic information and ribonucleic acid (RNA) which is involved in protein synthesis (e.g., messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA).
6. Carbohydrates and lipids are made up of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
7. Three elements that the body needs trace amounts of for proper functioning are iron (Fe, important for oxygen transport in hemoglobin), iodine (I, for thyroid hormone synthesis), and zinc (Zn, involved in many enzymatic reactions).
8. Macromolecules are also known as polymers (since they are made by linking together many small monomer units).
9. Although all macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) have C, H, O as major elements (proteins and nucleic acids also have N, and nucleic acids have P), they differ in their structure (e.g., the arrangement of atoms, presence of functional groups), properties (e.g., solubility, melting point), and functions (e.g., carbohydrates for energy, proteins for catalysis and structure).
10. Two ways the body uses carbohydrates: as a source of energy (glucose is broken down in cellular respiration to produce ATP) and for structural purposes (e.g., cellulose in plant cell walls, chitin in the exoskeleton of arthropods which is also present in some fungi - like cell walls in a modified form in some organisms).
11. The subunits that make up carbohydrates are called monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose).
12. The ratio of C, H, and O in monosaccharides is \(1:2:1\) (e.g., glucose \(C_6H_{12}O_6\)).
13. Three monosaccharides: glucose (a major energy source in cells), fructose (found in fruits), and galactose (part of lactose in milk).
14. Monosaccharides are simple sugars (they cannot be hydrolyzed further into smaller sugar units).
15. Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharide units. An example is sucrose (glucose + fructose, common table sugar).

Answer:

1. Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N)
2. Single bonds, Double bonds, Triple bonds, Covalent bonds
3. Large molecules formed by polymerization of smaller subunits
4. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids
5. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
6. C, H, O
7. Iron (Fe), Iodine (I), Zinc (Zn)
8. Polymers
9. Differ in structure, properties, and functions
10. Energy source, Structural purposes
11. Monosaccharides
12. \(1:2:1\)
13. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
14. Simple
15. Disaccharides are two - monosaccharide units linked together; Sucrose (glucose + fructose)