Question

maternal use of _____ during pregnancy increases risk of a wide range of adverse effects, including abnormal facial features, shorter - than - average length and low body weight, learning disabilities, speech and language delays, intellectual disability, and problems with the heart, kidneys, or bones.
a. marijuana
b. alcohol
c. opioids
d. methamphetamine

Explanation:

Maternal alcohol use during pregnancy can lead to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Symptoms of FASD include abnormal facial features (such as a smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, and small eye openings), shorter - than - average height, low body weight, learning disabilities, speech and language delays, intellectual disability, and problems with internal organs like the heart, kidneys, or bones. Marijuana use during pregnancy is associated with some negative outcomes like low birth weight and problems with attention and behavior in children, but the specific constellation of facial and organ - related problems described is more characteristic of FASD. Opioids during pregnancy can cause neonatal abstinence syndrome (withdrawal symptoms in the newborn) but not the typical FASD facial features. Methamphetamine use during pregnancy is linked to low birth weight, preterm birth, and neurodevelopmental problems, but again, not the classic FASD pattern.

Answer:

B. alcohol