Question

1. list one environmental factor that can cause mutations leading to cancer.

1. viruses
2. compare and contrast a virus to a cell.

a. capsid
b. envelope
c. dna/rna
d. protein
g. sheath
h. tail fibre
you may use these more than once for the two virus diagrams.
a. capsule
b. cell membrane
c. cell wall
d. cytoplasm
e. dna/rna
f. flagellum
g. ribosome
h. pili
i. plasmid

Explanation:

Question 4

Environmental factors causing cancer - related mutations include ionizing radiation (like UV from sun, X - rays), chemical carcinogens (e.g., tobacco smoke chemicals), or certain viruses. UV radiation from the sun is a common environmental factor. It can damage DNA in cells, leading to mutations that may cause cancer (e.g., skin cancer).

• Similarities: Both viruses and cells can contain genetic material (DNA/RNA). Both have structures made of protein (viruses have capsid proteins, cells have various protein - based structures like ribosomal proteins).
• Differences: Cells are living, have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles (like ribosomes for protein synthesis), and can reproduce independently (e.g., through mitosis/meiosis or binary fission). Viruses are non - living outside a host, lack a cell membrane/cytoplasm/organelles, and can only reproduce by hijacking a host cell's machinery. Viruses have a capsid (and sometimes an envelope) while cells have a cell membrane (and often a cell wall in prokaryotes/plants/fungi).

Answer:

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (or other valid factors like tobacco smoke, X - rays, etc.)

Question 8.1