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3. how are combustion and rusting similar? how are they different? comb…

Question

  1. how are combustion and rusting similar? how are they different?

combustion is a fast reaction
while rusting is a slow combustion.

  1. state what each of the main nutrients of food are broken down into during digestion.

fat is broken down into...
protein is broken down into...
disaccharide carbohydrates are broken down into...

  1. what is a plant’s food source?
  2. hydro- is a root word that means water. the root word -lysis means to decompose, dissolve, or break down. use information in the text to explain how these root words relate to the terms hydrolysis and hydrolyze.
  3. why do cooked eggs sometimes have a greyish-green color to them?
  4. why do living things need to perform cellular respiration?
  5. what makes a pretend volcano look like an eruption?
  6. what types of organisms perform fermentation? what types of products do they make?
  7. what is a situation in which a person’s cells would perform anaerobic respiration?
  8. to activate a heat pack, you need to snap or crack it. this starts the reaction that releases heat. why do you think the reaction cannot occur until something is broken within the pack?
  9. chemical reactions change matter and make something new. can you think of other chemical reactions in your everyday life? list them.

Explanation:

Brief Explanations

For question 4:

  • Fat digestion: Fats (triglycerides) are broken down by lipases into fatty acids and glycerol.
  • Protein digestion: Proteins are broken down by proteases into amino acids.
  • Disaccharide digestion: Disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose, maltose) are broken down by specific enzymes (e.g., sucrase, lactase, maltase) into monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose).

For question 5:

  • Plants produce their own food through photosynthesis. They use carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to synthesize glucose (a carbohydrate) and oxygen. Glucose is used for energy and as a building block for other organic molecules.

For question 6:

  • Hydrolysis: The root "hydro-" (water) and "-lysis" (break down) mean a reaction where a compound is broken down by the addition of water. For example, in digestion, disaccharides are hydrolyzed (broken down with water) into monosaccharides.
  • Hydrolyze: The verb form, meaning to cause a hydrolysis reaction (to break down a compound using water).

For question 7:

  • Cooked eggs (especially overcooked) can develop a greyish - green color due to the reaction between iron in the yolk and sulfur in the white. When eggs are cooked at high temperatures or for too long, hydrogen sulfide (from sulfur - containing compounds in the white) reacts with iron in the yolk to form ferrous sulfide, which has a grey - green color.

For question 8:

  • Living things perform cellular respiration to convert glucose (or other organic molecules) into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the energy currency of the cell. ATP is used to power various cellular processes such as muscle contraction, active transport, and synthesis of macromolecules.

For question 9:

  • A pretend volcano (like a baking soda - vinegar volcano) erupts because of a chemical reaction between baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, $\ce{NaHCO_3}$) and vinegar (acetic acid, $\ce{CH_3COOH}$). The reaction produces carbon dioxide ($\ce{CO_2}$) gas, which creates pressure and forces the liquid (usually colored water) out of the volcano, mimicking an eruption.

For question 10:

  • Organisms that perform fermentation: Yeasts (eukaryotic) and many bacteria (prokaryotic) perform fermentation.
  • Products: Yeasts produce ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide during alcoholic fermentation (e.g., in bread making and alcohol production). Bacteria like lactic acid bacteria produce lactic acid during lactic acid fermentation (e.g., in yogurt and sourdough production). Some bacteria can also produce other products like acetic acid (in vinegar production) or butyric acid.

For question 11:

  • A person's cells perform anaerobic respiration when there is a lack of oxygen. For example, during intense exercise (like sprinting or heavy weightlifting), muscle cells may not get enough oxygen to meet the energy demand. In this case, muscle cells perform lactic acid fermentation, converting glucose into lactic acid to produce a small amount of ATP.

For question 12:

  • Heat packs typically contain reactants (e.g., iron powder, water, salt, and activated carbon) that are separated initially. Snapping or cracking the pack breaks a seal or a partition, allowing the reactants to mix. The iron then undergoes an oxidation reaction (rusting) with oxygen (from the air or within the pack) and water. This oxidation reaction is exothermic, releasing heat. The reaction can't occur until the reactants are mixed, which is initiated by breaking the internal partition.

For question 13:

  • Examples of everyday chemical reactions:
  • Rusting of iron: Iron reacts with oxygen and water to…

Answer:

s:
4.

  • Fat is broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.
  • Protein is broken down into amino acids.
  • Disaccharide carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose).
  1. A plant's food source is the glucose (and other carbohydrates) it produces through photosynthesis, using carbon dioxide, water, and light energy.
  2. Hydrolysis is a reaction where a compound is broken down by the addition of water (due to "hydro - " meaning water and " - lysis" meaning break down). Hydrolyze means to cause a hydrolysis reaction (to break down a compound using water).
  3. Cooked eggs sometimes have a greyish - green color due to the reaction between iron in the yolk and sulfur - containing compounds in the white to form ferrous sulfide.
  4. Living things need to perform cellular respiration to produce ATP, which is used as energy for cellular processes.
  5. A pretend volcano (e.g., baking soda - vinegar volcano) looks like an eruption because the chemical reaction between baking soda and vinegar produces carbon dioxide gas, which forces the liquid out, mimicking an eruption.
  6. Yeasts and many bacteria perform fermentation. Yeasts produce ethanol and carbon dioxide (alcoholic fermentation), and lactic acid bacteria produce lactic acid (lactic acid fermentation); other bacteria can produce products like acetic acid.
  7. A person's cells perform anaerobic respiration during intense exercise (e.g., sprinting) when oxygen is limited.
  8. The reaction in a heat pack can't occur until something is broken because the reactants are separated initially; breaking the pack allows the reactants to mix and start the exothermic reaction (e.g., iron oxidation).
  9. Examples of everyday chemical reactions: rusting of iron, baking bread (yeast fermentation), digestion (hydrolysis), combustion of gasoline, cooking (egg protein denaturation).