Question

in the era of the seven years war and the french revolution, european nations, such as france, faced many of the same issues as those faced by the colonies in the american revolution. which problem affected both nations?
colonial rules
government - mandated social classes
taxation without representation
tyrannical monarchies in power

Explanation:

• Colonial rules: European nations like France were not under colonial rules themselves during this period. They were colonizers in some cases.
• Government - mandated social classes: While social class structures existed in both France (with the Ancien Régime) and the American colonies (though less rigidly defined in a legal - mandated sense like in France's Estates - General system), this was not the most common and direct grievance that united the revolutionary impulses in the same way as the next option.
• Taxation without representation: In the American colonies, the colonists were taxed by the British Parliament (e.g., Stamp Act, Townshend Acts) without having representatives in that body. In France, the Third Estate (the commoners) bore a disproportionate tax burden. The nobility and clergy had many tax exemptions, and the Third Estate had no real say in the tax - making process (the Estates - General, where the Third Estate was under - represented, was not a regular and fair representative body for tax decisions).
• Tyrannical monarchies in power: The American colonies' main grievance was against British rule (parliamentary and monarchical), not their own non - existent monarchies. France did have a monarchy (Louis XVI), but this was not a shared problem with the American colonies in the same sense as taxation without representation.

Answer:

taxation without representation