Question

dna strands are parallel, running in the same orientation,
true
false
question 12 (1 point)
after initial infection, some infectious agents go into a dormancy, or, but may re-emerge to produce a recurrent disease state.
reservoir state
latency
symptomatic state
sequelae
question 13 (1 point)
which of the following is not an adhesion mechanism that bacteria use to attach to a host?
fimbriae attach to epithelium of host
glycocalyx anchors the microbe to the host
dextran slime layer glues the microbe to the host surface
envelope spikes puncture cells for entry
question 14 (1 point)
universal (blood and body fluid) precautions include
barrier precautions, such as masks, gloves, gowns.
all sharp instruments deposited in puncture-proof containers.
anything contaminated with body fluids must be scrubbed immediately with germicidal soap.

Explanation:

• Question 12: Latency refers to the state where infectious agents remain dormant after initial infection and can re - emerge later. A reservoir state is a long - term habitat of an infectious agent (not necessarily dormant), a symptomatic state shows disease symptoms (not dormant), and sequelae are long - term effects of a disease (not the dormant state of the agent).
• Question 13: Envelope spikes are mainly for viral entry into cells (a step after attachment in the case of viruses, not a bacterial adhesion mechanism). Fimbriae, glycocalyx, and dextran slime layer are known bacterial adhesion mechanisms.
• Question 14: Universal (Blood and Body Fluid) Precautions include barrier precautions (masks, gloves, gowns to prevent exposure), and depositing sharp instruments in puncture - proof containers (to prevent accidental needlesticks etc.). Contaminated items are usually disposed of properly (not just scrubbed with germicidal soap in all cases as per standard precautions).

Answer:

• Question 12: B. latency
• Question 13: D. envelope spikes puncture cells for entry
• Question 14: A. barrier precautions, such as masks, gloves, gowns; B. all sharp instruments deposited in puncture - proof containers