Question

1. define reflexes. what two functions do they play?
2. define fixed - action patterns.
3. define learning.
4. what happens in the process of learning?
5. what are the two very important things that learning allows us to do?
6. what is the term for the type of learning discovered by pavlov? how does such learning work?
7. what is meant by the extinction of this kind of learning?
8. what was the

emarkable conclusion\ that pavlov and those who followed him came to?

1. how powerful has subsequent research proven this type of learning to be?
2. what is instrumental conditioning?
3. what did watson show about the effects of conditioning?
4. what was skinners main contribution to the field of learning?
5. define operant conditioning

Explanation:

1. Reflexes: Reflexes are involuntary, automatic responses to stimuli. They protect the body (e.g., blinking to protect eyes) and maintain homeostasis (e.g., shivering to raise body - temperature).
2. Fixed - action patterns: Fixed - action patterns are innate, stereotyped behavior sequences that are triggered by a specific sign stimulus and once initiated, are usually carried to completion.
3. Learning: Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.
4. In learning process: In the learning process, associations are formed between stimuli and responses, or new information is integrated into existing knowledge structures.
5. Importance of learning: Learning allows us to adapt to new environments and acquire new skills and knowledge.
6. Pavlov's learning: The type of learning discovered by Pavlov is classical conditioning. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response. Eventually, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response similar to the unconditioned response.
7. Extinction in classical conditioning: Extinction in classical conditioning occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in the weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response.
8. Pavlov's conclusion: Pavlov and his followers concluded that much of behavior, even seemingly voluntary behavior, can be conditioned and controlled by environmental stimuli.
9. Power of classical conditioning: Subsequent research has proven classical conditioning to be a very powerful form of learning, applicable in many areas such as therapy, marketing, and understanding animal and human behavior.
10. Instrumental conditioning: Instrumental conditioning (also known as operant conditioning) is a type of learning in which behavior is modified by its consequences. Behaviors that are followed by positive consequences (reinforcement) are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by negative consequences (punishment) are less likely to be repeated.
11. Watson's findings: Watson showed that emotional responses, such as fear, could be conditioned in humans through classical - conditioning techniques, as demonstrated in the Little Albert experiment.
12. Skinner's contribution: Skinner's main contribution to the field of learning was the development and study of operant conditioning. He emphasized the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior and introduced the concept of the operant chamber (Skinner box) for studying behavior.
13. Operant conditioning: Operant conditioning is a learning process in which an organism's behavior is influenced by the consequences of that behavior. Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior, while punishment decreases it.

Answer:

1. Reflexes are involuntary, automatic responses to stimuli. Functions: protection and homeostasis maintenance.
2. Fixed - action patterns are innate, stereotyped behavior sequences triggered by a sign stimulus.
3. Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge from experience.
4. Associations form between stimuli and responses or new info integrates into knowledge structures.
5. Adapt to new environments and acquire new skills/knowledge.
6. Classical conditioning. A neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to create a conditioned response.
7. When the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response weakens and disappears.
8. Much of behavior can be conditioned and controlled by environmental stimuli.
9. Very powerful, applicable in therapy, marketing, and understanding behavior.
10. A type of learning where behavior is modified by its consequences (reinforcement or punishment).
11. Emotional responses like fear can be conditioned in humans.
12. Development and study of operant conditioning, emphasis on reinforcement and punishment, and the operant chamber.
13. A learning process where behavior is influenced by its consequences (reinforcement or punishment).