Question

90% of energy at each trophic level is transferred out of the biotic factors as
light energy
potential energy
dissipated energy
chemical energy

Explanation:

In ecosystems, at each trophic level, about 90% of energy is lost as heat (dissipated energy) during metabolic processes like respiration. This is in line with the 10 - 90 rule of energy transfer in food - webs.

Answer:

C. dissipated energy