16. which of the following can be both primary and secondary consumers?
a. herbivores
b. carnivores
c. omnivores
d. detritivores
17. what are two processes by which autotrophs make food?
a. chemosynthesis & photosynthesis
b. photosynthesis & respiration
c. chemosynthesis & decomposition
d. decomposition & combustion
18. which process is part of the water cycle?
a. nitrification
b. transpiration
c. decomposition
d. sedimentation
19. bacteria are important in the nitrogen cycle because they…
a. help convert nitrogen into a form that organisms can use.
b. respire, returning carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
c. decay and eventually form fossil fuels.
d. produce sugars that plants can use.
20. which two processes in the carbon cycle are also parts of the oxygen cycle?
a. combustion & respiration
b. photosynthesis & decay
c. combustion & decay
d. photosynthesis & respiration

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Accepted Answer

### Question 16
# Brief Explanations:
- Herbivores ($a$): Only eat plants (primary consumers).
- Carnivores ($b$): Eat other animals (secondary or higher - level consumers).
- Omnivores ($c$): Eat both plants (making them primary consumers in that case) and animals (making them secondary consumers when they eat animals).
- Detritivores ($d$): Feed on dead organic matter, not in the traditional consumer - producer hierarchy as primary/secondary in the sense of eating living producers/consumers.

# Answer:
C. Omnivores

### Question 17
# Brief Explanations:
- Autotrophs make their own food. Photosynthesis is the process where plants (and some other organisms) use sunlight, $CO_2$, and water to make glucose. Chemosynthesis is used by some bacteria (e.g., in deep - sea vents) to make food using chemical energy (like from hydrogen sulfide) instead of light energy.
- Respiration ($b$): Is the process of breaking down glucose to release energy (not making food).
- Decomposition ($c$): Is the breakdown of dead organisms, not food - making for autotrophs.
- Combustion ($d$): Is a chemical reaction (like burning), not a food - making process for autotrophs.

# Answer:
A. Chemosynthesis & Photosynthesis

### Question 18
# Brief Explanations:
- Nitrification ($a$): Part of the nitrogen cycle (conversion of ammonia to nitrites and nitrates).
- Transpiration ($b$): Plants release water vapor into the atmosphere, which is part of the water cycle (evaporation, condensation, precipitation, etc.).
- Decomposition ($c$): Part of nutrient cycles (like carbon, nitrogen), not the water cycle.
- Sedimentation ($d$): Part of geological processes (e.g., in the rock cycle for sedimentary rocks), not the water cycle.

# Answer:
B. Transpiration

### Question 19
# Brief Explanations:
- In the nitrogen cycle, bacteria (e.g., nitrogen - fixing bacteria convert atmospheric $N_2$ to ammonia ($NH_3$), nitrifying bacteria convert $NH_3$ to nitrites and nitrates) help convert nitrogen into forms (like nitrates) that plants (and then other organisms in the food chain) can use.
- Option $b$ is about the carbon cycle (respiration).
- Option $c$ is about fossil fuel formation (not directly the nitrogen - cycle role of bacteria).
- Option $d$ is about photosynthesis (plants produce sugars, not bacteria in the nitrogen cycle context).

# Answer:
A. Help convert nitrogen into a form that organisms can use

### Question 20
# Brief Explanations:
- Photosynthesis: $6CO_2 + 6H_2O
ightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6+6O_2$ (uses $CO_2$ from the carbon cycle and releases $O_2$ into the oxygen cycle).
- Respiration: $C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2
ightarrow6CO_2+6H_2O$ (uses $O_2$ from the oxygen cycle and releases $CO_2$ into the carbon cycle).
- Combustion ($a$ and $c$): Mainly about carbon release (not a major part of the oxygen cycle in the same intertwined way as photosynthesis and respiration).
- Decay ($b$ and $c$): Part of the carbon cycle (breaking down organic matter to release $CO_2$), but not as directly linked to the oxygen cycle as photosynthesis and respiration.

# Answer:
D. Photosynthesis & Respiration

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