Question

1. the debate depicted in the documents is most related to

(1) the articles of confederation
(2) ratification of the constitution
(3) hamiltons plan for a national bank
(4) the northwest ordinance
base your answers to questions 14 - 15 on the passages below and your knowledge of social studies.
... this policy of supplying, by opposite and rival interests, the defect of better motives, might be traced through the
whole system of human affairs, private as well as public. we see it particularly displayed in all the subordinate lesser
distributions of power, where the constant aim is to divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner as that
each may be a check on the other - that the private interest of every individual may be a sentinel guard over the
public rights. these inventions of prudence cannot be less requisite essential in the distribution of the supreme
powers of the state....
source: james madison, federalist no. 51, 1788

1. what was the primary reason james madison wrote this and other federalist papers?

(1) to support ratification of the constitution
(2) to support creation of a national bank
(3) to encourage increasing ties to europe
(4) to encourage the development of political parties

1. which constitutional principle does madison most directly describe in this passage?

(1) reserving the power of judicial review
(2) separation of powers between the branches of government
(3) support for the rule of law
(4) creation of a powerful military

Explanation:

• Question 13: The Federalist Papers were written during the period of the Constitution's ratification. The content in the passages and the context of the Federalist Papers (1788) align with the debate over the Constitution's ratification. The Articles of Confederation (1781 - 1789) were replaced by the Constitution. Hamilton's national bank plan (1790s) and the Northwest Ordinance (1787, about territorial governance) are not the main focus here.
• Question 14: The Federalist Papers, including Federalist No. 51, were written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay to persuade the states to ratify the Constitution. There is no indication in the text about supporting a national bank (Hamilton's plan was later), increasing ties to Europe, or developing political parties.
• Question 15: The passage mentions “divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner as that each may be a check on the other”. This is a direct description of the separation of powers (checks and balances) between the branches of government. Judicial review (Marbury v. Madison, 1803) is not mentioned. Support for the rule of law and a powerful military are not the main ideas in the given text.

Answer:

1. (2) ratification of the Constitution
2. (1) to support ratification of the Constitution
3. (2) separation of powers between the branches of government