Question

what means have been used in the past to disenfranchise deliberately voters?
a literacy tests
b all of these
c poll taxes
d grandfather clauses
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Explanation:

Literacy tests were used to exclude voters who could not pass them. Poll taxes required payment to vote, which disadvantaged the poor. Grandfather clauses allowed those whose ancestors voted before a certain date to bypass restrictions. All these were methods of disenfranchisement.

Answer:

B. All of these