Question

(c) suppose there is a significant difference in final exam scores between the students taught using the activity - based learning approach and the students taught using the textbook presentation approach. would jenny be well - justified in claiming that the difference in final exam scores was caused by the choice of teaching approach? choose the best answer below.
○ no. there is no procedure, however well - designed, that can give evidence to support a claim of a cause - and - effect relationship.
○ no. jenny has only found evidence to support a claim that exam score is associated with the choice of teaching approach.
○ yes. because the procedure used data gathered over an extended period (a full school year), the data set will be large. so, a cause - and - effect relationship is well - justified.

Explanation:

A significant difference in scores does not inherently prove causation (teaching approach causing the difference). Correlation or group differences do not equal causation—other variables (e.g., student ability, prior knowledge) could explain the result. A well-designed procedure (like a randomized controlled trial) is needed to establish cause and effect, which is not mentioned here.

Answer:

No. There is no procedure, however well-designed, that can give evidence to support a claim of a cause-and-effect relationship.