Question

part ii. application questions

1. how many horizontal rows are there on the periodic table? how many principal energy levels are there currently in use?
2. how many columns are in table #1? how many \a\ columns are there on the periodic table?
3. how many elements are in the horizontal rows in table #2? how many elements are there in any \d\ row on the periodic table?
4. how many columns are there for the \s\ block on the periodic table?
5. how many columns are there for the \p\ block on the periodic table?
6. add the answers from questions 3 - 5 together. what is the significance of this number?
7. look at the atomic numbers of the elements in the first vertical column you created (s). is the pattern repeated in the other columns? what is the significance of the pattern? (note: look at the numerical difference between the atomic numbers of consecutive elements in the column.)
8. what is the maximum number of electrons that can be in the outer energy level of any element? what 2 sublevels are these electrons found in?

Explanation:

Step1: Recall periodic - table structure

The periodic table has 7 horizontal rows (periods) and currently 7 principal energy levels in use.

Step2: Count columns

There are 18 columns in the periodic table. In the traditional notation, there are 8 "A" columns (main - group elements).

Step3: Determine element numbers

In period 1, there are 2 elements, in period 2 and 3 there are 8 elements each, in period 4 and 5 there are 18 elements each, in period 6 and 7 there are 32 elements each. For the "d" - block rows (transition metals), there are 10 elements in each "d" - row.

Step4: Identify "s" - block columns

The "s" - block has 2 columns.

Step5: Identify "p" - block columns

The "p" - block has 6 columns.

Step6: Calculate sum and significance

Adding the number of elements in "d" - block rows (10), "s" - block columns (2) and "p" - block columns (6) gives 10 + 2+6 = 18. This number represents the total number of groups in the main - part of the periodic table (excluding the f - block).

Step7: Analyze atomic - number pattern

In the first vertical column (alkali metals), the numerical difference between consecutive atomic numbers follows a pattern related to the filling of electron shells. The pattern repeats in other columns due to the periodicity of electron configurations.

Step8: Determine electron number and sublevels

The maximum number of electrons in the outer energy level of any element is 8. These electrons are found in the "s" and "p" sublevels (2 electrons in "s" and 6 electrons in "p").

Answer:

1. 7 horizontal rows, 7 principal energy levels in use.
2. 18 columns in the periodic table, 8 "A" columns.
3. Varying number of elements per row (2, 8, 18, 32 for different periods), 10 elements in a "d" - row.
4. 2 columns for the "s" - block.
5. 6 columns for the "p" - block.
6. Sum is 18, represents total groups in main - part of periodic table (excluding f - block).
7. Pattern in atomic - number differences related to electron - shell filling and periodicity.
8. Maximum 8 electrons, in "s" and "p" sublevels.