Question

ionization energy

1. what factors can change the attractive force between the nucleus of an atom and its valence electrons?

type your answer here.

Explanation:

The nuclear charge (number of protons) affects the attraction as more protons mean a stronger positive charge pulling electrons. Electron shielding occurs when inner - shell electrons reduce the effective nuclear charge felt by valence electrons. The distance of valence electrons from the nucleus (atomic radius) also plays a role; as electrons are farther from the nucleus, the attractive force decreases (Coulomb's law: \(F=\frac{kq_1q_2}{r^{2}}\), where \(q_1\) is nuclear charge, \(q_2\) is electron charge, and \(r\) is the distance between them).

Answer:

Nuclear charge (number of protons), electron shielding (by inner - shell electrons), and the distance of valence electrons from the nucleus (atomic radius).