Question

a. carbon:

1. atomic number =
2. atomic mass number =
3. number of protons =
4. number of neutrons =
5. number of electrons =
6. number of valence electrons =
7. charge on the ion =

b. chlorine:

1. atomic number =
2. atomic mass number =
3. number of protons =
4. number of neutrons =
5. number of electrons =
6. number of valence electrons =
7. charge on the ion =

c. what is the chemical formula of the molecule formed as a result of the following sets of elements...

1. carbon and chlorine:
2. aluminum and oxygen:
3. sodium and flourine:

Explanation:

Step1: Carbon

• Atomic Number: The atomic number is given at the top of the element box. So, for carbon, atomic number \(= 6\).
• Atomic Mass Number: Given at the bottom of the element box. For carbon, atomic mass number \(= 12.011\approx12\).
• Number of Protons: Equal to the atomic number. So, protons \(= 6\).
• Number of Neutrons: Atomic mass number - atomic number. \(12 - 6=6\).
• Number of Electrons: In a neutral atom, equal to the number of protons. So, electrons \(= 6\).
• Number of Valence Electrons: Carbon has 4 valence electrons (electronic configuration \(1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{2}\), outer - shell electrons \(=4\)).
• Charge on the Ion: In a neutral atom, charge \(=0\).

Step2: Chlorine

• Atomic Number: Given at the top of the element box. So, atomic number \(= 17\).
• Atomic Mass Number: Given at the bottom of the element box. For chlorine, atomic mass number \(=35.453\approx35\).
• Number of Protons: Equal to the atomic number. So, protons \(= 17\).
• Number of Neutrons: Atomic mass number - atomic number. \(35 - 17 = 18\).
• Number of Electrons: In a neutral atom, equal to the number of protons. So, electrons \(= 17\).
• Number of Valence Electrons: Chlorine has 7 valence electrons (electronic configuration \(1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{5}\), outer - shell electrons \(=7\)).
• Charge on the Ion: Chlorine gains 1 electron to complete its octet. So, charge \(=- 1\).

Step3: Chemical Formula

• Carbon and Chlorine: Carbon has a valency of 4 and chlorine has a valency of 1. Using the criss - cross method, the formula is \(CCl_{4}\).
• Aluminium and Oxygen: Aluminium has a valency of 3 (\(Al^{3+}\)) and oxygen has a valency of 2 (\(O^{2 -}\)). Using the criss - cross method, the formula is \(Al_{2}O_{3}\).
• Sodium and Fluorine: Sodium has a valency of 1 (\(Na^{+}\)) and fluorine has a valency of 1 (\(F^{-}\)). Using the criss - cross method, the formula is \(NaF\).

Answer:

• Carbon:

1. \(6\)
2. \(12\)
3. \(6\)
4. \(6\)
5. \(6\)
6. \(4\)
7. \(0\)

• Chlorine:

1. \(17\)
2. \(35\)
3. \(17\)
4. \(18\)
5. \(17\)
6. \(7\)
7. \(-1\)

• Chemical Formula:

1. \(CCl_{4}\)
2. \(Al_{2}O_{3}\)
3. \(NaF\)