Question

association vs. causation
which example best describes causation rather than correlation?
a. the number of text messages sent and the amount of screen time
b. the number of miles driven and the amount of gas used
c. the number of umbrellas sold and the amount of rainfall
d. the number of students eating lunch and the cafeterias electric bill
oa
ob
oc
od

Explanation:

Causation means one variable directly causes the other. For option B, driving more miles (the cause) directly leads to using more gas (the effect). In option A, sending more texts doesn't directly cause screen - time (could be other activities on the screen). In option C, rain might lead to umbrella sales, but it's more of a correlation (not a direct cause - like people could buy umbrellas in anticipation or for fashion). In option D, students eating lunch doesn't directly cause the electric bill (other appliances in the cafeteria could be the main cause of the bill).

Answer:

B. The number of miles driven and the amount of gas used