Question

1. when jj thomson did his cathode ray tube experiment, what led him to conclude that the beam was made out of negative particles?

the beam was deflected away from a positively charged plate
the beam was attracted to a negatively charged plate
the beam was deflected away from a neutrally charged plate
the beam was attracted to a positively charged plate

1. when rutherford did his gold foil experiment, what led him to conclude that the atom was mostly empty space?

the particles were attracted to a negatively charged plate.
most of the particles were deflected.
all of the particles were blocked.
most of the particles were able to pass straight through the gold foil unimpeded.

1. when rutherford did his gold foil experiment, what led him to conclude that the atom had a small, dense, positive center?

all of the particles passed through the gold foil
only some of the particles passed through the gold foil
none of the particles were deflected by the gold foil
the particles were deflected by something negative in the atom

1. what element could the following lewis dot structure represent?

lithium
sodium
aluminum
xenon

1. how are subatomic particles able to explain lightning?

as particles in clouds rub against each other, electrons are transferred, creating different charges in the air.
as particles in clouds rub against each other, neutrons are transferred, creating different charges in the air.
as particles in clouds rub against each other, nuclei are transferred, creating different charges in the air.
as particles in clouds rub against each other, protons are transferred, creating different charges in the air.

Explanation:

1. In Thomson's cathode - ray tube experiment, like charges repel. If the beam was made of negative particles, it would be deflected away from a positively charged plate.
2. In Rutherford's gold - foil experiment, most of the particles passing straight through the gold foil unimpeded indicated that the atom was mostly empty space.
3. Only some of the particles being deflected in the gold - foil experiment suggested that there was a small, dense, positive center (nucleus) in the atom.
4. The Lewis dot structure shown has 3 valence electrons. Aluminum (\(Al\)) has 3 valence electrons. Lithium (\(Li\)) has 1, sodium (\(Na\)) has 1, and xenon (\(Xe\)) has 8.
5. Lightning is explained by the transfer of electrons (subatomic particles) as particles in clouds rub against each other, creating different charges in the air. Neutrons, nuclei, and protons are not transferred in the process that creates the charge separation for lightning in the way described.

Answer:

1. a
2. d
3. b
4. c
5. a