Question

10 what is the rule for finding out how many valence electrons elements in groups 13 - 18 have? 11. how do ions form? 12 if an element gives away an electron, will it form a positive ion or a negative ion? 13. if an element gains an electron, will it form a positive ion or a negative ion? 14. why does an ion have a charge (be specific)? 15. how do ionic bonds form? 16 how do covalent bonds form?

Explanation:

1. For groups 13 - 18, the number of valence electrons is equal to the group number minus 10. For example, group 13 elements have \(13 - 10=3\) valence electrons.
2. Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons. Atoms aim to achieve a stable electron configuration (usually like noble gases).
3. When an element gives away an electron, it has more protons than electrons. Since protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged, it forms a positive ion.
4. When an element gains an electron, it has more electrons than protons. So, it forms a negative ion.
5. An ion has a charge because the number of protons (positive charge) and electrons (negative charge) in the atom is no longer equal. If there are more protons, it's positive; more electrons, it's negative.
6. Ionic bonds form when one atom donates electrons (becomes a positive ion) and another atom accepts those electrons (becomes a negative ion). The electrostatic attraction between the positive and negative ions holds them together.
7. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. This sharing allows each atom to achieve a more stable electron configuration (usually a full outer shell).

Answer:

1. The number of valence electrons = group number - 10.
2. Atoms gain or lose electrons to form ions.
3. Positive ion.
4. Negative ion.
5. Because the number of protons and electrons in the atom is unequal.
6. Through the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions formed by electron transfer.
7. By atoms sharing electrons.