Question

1. what are the three phases of tissue healing?
2. how long does each phase last?
3. what is the purpose of the inflammatory response phase?
4. what are the signs of inflammation?
5. when does the process of healing begin?
6. answer the 10 - 1 clinical application exercise:
7. define macrotrauma and provide an example*
8. define microtrauma and provide an example*
9. what are chemical mediators? what is their purpose?
10. define hemodynamic*
11. define vasodilation* and vasoconstriction
12. define permeability*, where in the text does it mention vasodilation and permeability, why?
13. define leukocytes*
14. define lysosomes*
15. define neutrophils*
16. define macrophages
17. define phagocytosis*
18. what do platelets do?
19. when does clot formation begin and end?
20. define collagen
21. define fibroplasia

Explanation:

1. The three phases of tissue healing are the inflammatory phase, the proliferative phase, and the remodeling phase.
2. The inflammatory phase can last 1 - 5 days, the proliferative phase from 3 days - 3 weeks, and the remodeling phase can last months - years.
3. The purpose of the inflammatory response phase is to remove debris, pathogens and initiate the healing process.
4. Signs of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function.
5. The healing process begins immediately after injury.
6. Macrotrauma is a major physical injury, e.g., a broken bone from a car - accident.
7. Microtrauma is a minor injury at a cellular or tissue level, e.g., a muscle strain from over - use.
8. Chemical mediators are substances that regulate the inflammatory response. Their purpose is to signal and coordinate the immune response.
9. Hemodynamic refers to the forces and factors related to blood flow.
10. Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels, and vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels.
11. Permeability is the ability of a membrane to allow substances to pass through. Vasodilation and permeability are related as vasodilation can increase permeability to allow immune cells to reach the injury site.
12. Leukocytes are white blood cells that play a key role in the immune response.
13. Lysosomes are cell organelles that contain enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.
14. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that are the first responders to infection and inflammation.
15. Macrophages are large white blood cells that engulf and digest pathogens and cellular debris.
16. Phagocytosis is the process by which cells engulf and digest foreign particles or pathogens.
17. Platelets help in blood clotting by aggregating at the site of injury to form a platelet plug.
18. Clot formation begins immediately after injury when platelets are activated and can end when the clot is stable, usually within hours.
19. Collagen is a fibrous protein that provides strength and structure to tissues.
20. Fibroplasia is the formation of new connective tissue by fibroblasts.

Answer:

1. Inflammatory phase, proliferative phase, remodeling phase.
2. Inflammatory: 1 - 5 days; Proliferative: 3 days - 3 weeks; Remodeling: months - years.
3. Remove debris, pathogens and initiate healing.
4. Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function.
5. Immediately after injury.
6. Major physical injury, e.g., broken bone from car - accident.
7. Minor injury at cellular/tissue level, e.g., muscle strain from over - use.
8. Substances regulating inflammatory response; signal and coordinate immune response.
9. Forces and factors related to blood flow.
10. Vasodilation: widening of blood vessels; Vasoconstriction: narrowing of blood vessels.
11. Ability of a membrane to allow substances to pass through; related as vasodilation can increase permeability for immune cells to reach injury site.
12. White blood cells key in immune response.
13. Cell organelles with enzymes to break down waste and debris.
14. First - responding white blood cells to infection and inflammation.
15. Large white blood cells that engulf and digest pathogens and debris.
16. Process by which cells engulf and digest foreign particles or pathogens.
17. Help in blood clotting by aggregating at injury site to form a platelet plug.
18. Begins immediately after injury when platelets are activated; ends when clot is stable (usually within hours).
19. Fibrous protein providing strength and structure to tissues.
20. Formation of new connective tissue by fibroblasts.