Question

what does the null hypothesis (h₀) typically state?
a direct relationship between the variables
null hypothesis has no meaning
no significant difference between the variables

Explanation:

The null hypothesis ($H_0$) in statistical hypothesis testing typically assumes no significant difference, effect, or relationship between variables. The first option suggests a direct relationship, which is more like an alternative hypothesis. The second option is incorrect as the null hypothesis has a defined role. The third option aligns with the definition of the null hypothesis.

Answer:

C. no significant difference between the variables (assuming the options are labeled A, B, C as per the order: A. a direct relationship between the variables, B. null hypothesis has no meaning, C. no significant difference between the variables)