Question

vitamins/minerals study guide/review
20 pts possible

1. define vitamin.
2. define mineral.
3. name the fat - soluble vitamins.
4. name the water - soluble vitamins.
5. define provitamin.
6. define vitamer.
7. name 2 functions of vitamin a, vitamin d, and vitamin c.
8. where is vitamin a and k stored?
9. which vitamins have a risk (even though rare) of reaching a point of excess in the body that is toxic without another disease process interfering? why?
10. name 2 factors that can influence how much vitamin d an animal requires daily.
11. what 2 minerals work closely with vitamin d for bone health?

Explanation:

1. Vitamin is an organic compound essential in small amounts for normal body function, not synthesized in sufficient quantities by the body.
2. Mineral is an inorganic element required by the body for physiological processes, obtained from diet.
3. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in fatty tissues and liver; common ones are A, D, E, K.
4. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water, not stored long-term; include B-complex (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12) and C.
5. Provitamin is a precursor compound that the body converts into an active vitamin.
6. Vitamer is a chemical variant of a vitamin that has similar biological activity.
7. Vitamin A: Vision (retinal for rhodopsin) and cell growth/differentiation; Vitamin D: Calcium absorption and bone mineralization; Vitamin C: Collagen synthesis and antioxidant.
8. Vitamin A is stored in the liver; Vitamin K is stored in the liver and fatty tissues.
9. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) have toxicity risk because they accumulate in fat stores/liver (water-soluble are excreted in urine).
10. Factors for Vitamin D requirement: Sunlight exposure (for synthesis) and dietary intake (if sunlight is insufficient).
11. Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) work with Vitamin D for bone health (Vitamin D aids their absorption and deposition in bones).

Answer:

1. An organic compound essential for normal body function, not sufficiently synthesized by the body.
2. An inorganic element required for physiological processes, obtained from diet.
3. Vitamins A, D, E, K.
4. Vitamin B complex (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12) and Vitamin C.
5. A precursor compound converted into an active vitamin by the body.
6. A chemical variant of a vitamin with similar biological activity.
7. Vitamin A: Vision, cell growth; Vitamin D: Calcium absorption, bone health; Vitamin C: Collagen synthesis, antioxidant.
8. Vitamin A: Liver; Vitamin K: Liver and fatty tissues.
9. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K); they accumulate in fat/liver (water-soluble are excreted).
10. Sunlight exposure, dietary intake.
11. Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P).