Question

if a toddler says please and thank you because he saw his older sibling do the same and get praised for it, what is this an example of?
vicarious punishment
variable reinforcement
retributive punishment
vicarious reinforcement
question 15 \tmultiple choice question
what technique would therapists most likely use to help patients get over certain fears or phobias?
counterconditioning
operant conditioning
the law of effect
classical conditioning

Explanation:

First Question (Toddler Behavior):

Vicarious reinforcement is when a person learns by observing others being reinforced (praised here) for a behavior. The toddler imitates the sibling’s behavior (saying “please/thank you”) after seeing the sibling get praised, matching vicarious reinforcement. Other options: Vicarious punishment involves observing punishment, variable reinforcement is inconsistent rewards, retributive punishment is punitive, not matching.

Counterconditioning (e.g., systematic desensitization) is used to replace a fear response with a relaxed one, ideal for phobias. Operant conditioning focuses on rewards/punishments for behavior, the law of effect is about behavior and consequences, classical conditioning is about associating stimuli but counterconditioning is more specific for unlearning fears.

Answer:

vicarious reinforcement (the option with the radio button selected, which is the fourth option: "vicarious reinforcement")

Second Question (Therapist Technique for Fears/Phobias):