Question

a revolutionary model
of the universe (pages 190-191)
how did new ideas change
accepted thinking in astronomy?
the first challenge to accepted thinking in science
came in astronomy. in the early 1500s, nicolaus
copernicus, a polish astronomer, studied the stars
and planets. he developed a heliocentric theory.
heliocentric meant sun - centered. it said that earth,
like all the other planets, revolved around the sun.
copernicus did not publish his findings until just
before his death. he had been afraid that his ideas
would be attacked. they went against the long -
accepted geocentric theory. this theory held that
the earth was at the center of the universe. in the
early 1600s, johannes kepler used mathematics to
prove that copernicus’s basic idea was correct.
an italian scientist—galileo galilei—made
several discoveries that also undercut ancient ideas.
he made one of the first telescopes and used it to
study the planets. he found that jupiter had moons,
the sun had spots, and earth’s moon was rough.
some of his ideas about the earth, the sun, and the
planets went against the teaching of the catholic
church. church authorities forced galileo to take
back his statements. still, his ideas spread.

1. what old belief about the universe

did the new discoveries destroy?
______________________________
______________________________
the scientific method (pages 191 - 192)
why was the scientific method
an important development?
interest in science led to a new approach, the sci-
entific method. with this method, scientists ask a
question based on something they have seen in the
physical world. they form a hypothesis, or an
attempt to answer the question. then they test the
hypothesis by making experiments or checking
other facts. finally, they change the hypothesis if
needed.
the english writer francis bacon helped cre-
ate this new approach to knowledge. he said sci-
entists should base their thinking on what they can
observe and test. the french mathematician rené
descartes also influenced the use of the scientific
method. his thinking was based on logic and math-
ematics.

1. what thinkers helped advance the use

of the scientific method?
______________________________
______________________________
newton explains the law
of gravity; the scientific
revolution spreads (pages 192 - 194)
what scientific discoveries
were made?
in the mid - 1600s, the english scientist isaac
newton described the law of gravity. using math-
ematics, newton showed that the same force ruled
both the motion of planets and the action of bodies
on the earth.
other scientists made new tools to study the
world around them. one invented a microscope.
others invented tools for understanding weather.
doctors also made advances. one made draw-
ings that showed the different parts of the human
body. another learned how the heart pumped
blood through the body. in the late 1700s, edward
jenner first used the process called vaccination to
prevent disease. by giving a person the germs from
a cattle disease called cowpox, he helped that per-
son avoid getting the more serious human disease
of smallpox.
scientists made progress in chemistry as well.
one questioned the old idea that things were made
of only four elements—earth, air, fire, and water.
he and other scientists were able to separate oxy-
gen from air.

1. how did the science of medicine change?

______________________________
______________________________
64 chapter 6 section 1

Explanation:

Question 2

The text says Copernicus's heliocentric theory went against the long - accepted geocentric theory. The geocentric theory held that the earth was at the center of the universe. The new discoveries (like Copernicus's heliocentric theory, Kepler's and Galileo's work) destroyed this old belief.

From the text, Francis Bacon said scientists should base thinking on observation and testing. René Descartes influenced the use of the scientific method with thinking based on logic and mathematics. So these two thinkers helped advance the use of the scientific method.

Doctors made advances: one drew human body parts, another learned how the heart pumps blood, Edward Jenner used vaccination to prevent smallpox. Also, there were advances in understanding the human body and disease prevention.

Answer:

The old belief that the earth was at the center of the universe (the geocentric theory) was destroyed by the new discoveries.

Question 3