Question

question 3 (1 point)
henry morgans argument that all societies progress through the same stages of development (savagery, barbarism, civilization) is an example of what type of thinking?

a. scientific
b. archaeological
c. patriotic
d. ethnocentric

Explanation:

Analyze the core argument

Henry Morgan proposed that all human societies progress through a single, universal sequence of stages: savagery, barbarism, and civilization. This 19th-century anthropological concept is known as unilineal cultural evolution, a key topic in Early Ethnography.

Evaluate the stages of development

Morgan's model placed Western European society at the pinnacle of development ("civilization") while categorizing non-Western, indigenous societies as "savagery" or "barbarism."

Define the type of thinking

Judging other cultures by the standards and values of one's own culture—especially assuming one's own culture is superior or more advanced—is the definition of ethnocentrism. Therefore, Morgan's evolutionary ladder is a classic example of ethnocentric thinking.

Match with the given options

• Option a (Scientific) is incorrect because this model lacked empirical scientific validity.
• Option b (Archaeological) is incorrect as it is a theoretical evolutionary framework, not an archaeological methodology.
• Option c (Patriotic) is incorrect because it concerns cultural hierarchy rather than national devotion.
• Option d (Ethnocentric) correctly identifies the bias of placing Western culture as the ultimate standard of progress.

Answer:

• a. Scientific
• b. Archaeological
• c. Patriotic
• d. Ethnocentric (Correct answer)