Question

1 multiple choice 1 point
the screening constant, s, takes into account which electrons from an atom?
○ valence electrons
○ all electrons
○ 1s electrons only
○ core electrons

2 true or false 1 point
the magnitude of the electric charge between two atoms is determined by coulomb’s law.
○ true
○ false

3 true or false 1 point
it’s not necessary to factor in the screening constant to solve for effective nuclear charge.
○ true
○ false

Explanation:

Question 1

The screening constant \( S \) accounts for the shielding effect of core electrons (electrons in inner shells) on the valence electrons from the nucleus's charge. Core electrons shield valence electrons, so \( S \) considers core electrons. Valence electrons don't shield themselves, all electrons is incorrect, and 1s only is too narrow.

Coulomb’s law (\( F = k\frac{q_1q_2}{r^2} \)) relates the force between two charged objects (like ions/atoms with charge) to their charges and distance. The magnitude of electric charge interaction between atoms (e.g., in ionic bonds) is determined by Coulomb’s law. So the statement is True.

The formula for effective nuclear charge is \( Z_{\text{eff}} = Z - S \), where \( Z \) is atomic number and \( S \) is screening constant. Thus, \( S \) is necessary to calculate \( Z_{\text{eff}} \), so the statement "It’s not necessary..." is False.

Answer:

D. core electrons

Question 2