Question

match the changed nucleotide sequences to the mutations that cause them.
cattcacaca
cattcacacccacg
cattt cacacg
cattcacg
cattgcacac
type of mutation | original nucleotide sequence | changed nucleotide sequence
deletion | cattcacacg |
insertion | cattcacacg |
inversion | cattcacacg |
duplication | cattcacacg |
substitution | cattcacacg |

Answer:

To solve this, we analyze each mutation type by comparing the original sequence (CATTCACACG) with the changed sequences:

Deletion

A deletion removes one or more nucleotides. The original is CATTCACACG. The sequence CATTCACG is shorter (missing "AC" from the middle? Wait, original: C A T T C A C A C G. Changed: C A T T C A C G. So "AC" (positions 7 - 8: A and C) are deleted? Wait, original length: 10 (C(1),A(2),T(3),T(4),C(5),A(6),C(7),A(8),C(9),G(10)). Changed: CATTCACG is length 8. So nucleotides at positions 7 - 8 (A and C) are deleted? Wait, original: CATTCACACG (bases: C, A, T, T, C, A, C, A, C, G). Changed: CATTCACG (C, A, T, T, C, A, C, G) – missing the "A" at position 8 and "C" at position 9? Wait, no, let's count:

Original: C (1), A (2), T (3), T (4), C (5), A (6), C (7), A (8), C (9), G (10)
Changed (CATTCACG): C (1), A (2), T (3), T (4), C (5), A (6), C (7), G (10) – so nucleotides at positions 8 (A) and 9 (C) are deleted. So deletion matches CATTCACG.

Insertion

Insertion adds nucleotides. Original: CATTCACACG. The sequence CATTCACACCACG is longer. Let's check: Original is 10 bases. CATTCACACCACG: let's count. C, A, T, T, C, A, C, A, C, C, A, C, G? Wait, original: C A T T C A C A C G. Insertion: adding "CC" or "CAC"? Wait, original: positions 7 - 9: C, A, C. Changed: CATTCACACCACG – between position 9 (C) and 10 (G), inserted "CAC"? Wait, original: CATTCACACG (C A T T C A C A C G). Changed: CATTCACACCACG (C A T T C A C A C C A C G) – inserted "CCAC"? Wait, maybe better to see the extra bases. Original length 10, changed length 13? Wait, no, let's write both:

Original: C A T T C A C A C G (10)
Changed (CATTCACACCACG): C A T T C A C A C C A C G (13) – so inserted "CCAC" (or part). Alternatively, the sequence CATTCACACCACG has an insertion (extra nucleotides added).

Inversion

Inversion reverses a segment. Original: CATTCACACG. Let's check CATTGCACAC. Original: C A T T C A C A C G. Changed: C A T T G C A C A C. The segment "C A" (positions 5 - 6: C, A) becomes "G C"? Wait, original positions 5 - 6: C (5), A (6). Changed: G (5), C (6). Wait, no, let's see the middle: Original: CATTCACACG (C A T T C A C A C G). Changed: CATTGCACAC (C A T T G C A C A C). The "C A" (positions 5 - 6) is inverted to "G C"? Wait, maybe a segment inversion. Alternatively, the sequence CATTGCACAC has a reversed segment (e.g., "CA" to "GC") – substitution? No, inversion is reversing a segment. Let's check the original and changed:

Original: C A T T C A C A C G
Changed: C A T T G C A C A C
The part from position 5 to 6: C (5), A (6) → G (5), C (6). Wait, maybe a substitution? No, inversion is a segment. Wait, maybe the "CAC" part? No, let's check another sequence. Wait, the changed sequence for inversion should have a reversed segment. Let's check CATTGCACAC: original is CATTCACACG. Let's split:

Original: CATTC | ACACG
Changed: CATTG | CACAC
Wait, "CATTC" → "CATTG" (C to G at position 5? No, position 5: C → G? Wait, position 5: original C, changed G. Position 6: original A, changed C. So positions 5 - 6: C A → G C – that's a substitution? No, inversion is reversing a segment. Wait, maybe I made a mistake. Let's check the other sequences.

Duplication

Duplication repeats a segment. Original: CATTCACACG. The sequence CATTCACACA: original is CATTCACACG (ends with CG). Changed: CATTCACACA (ends with CA). Wait, original: C A T T C A C A C G. Changed: C A T T C A C A C A – duplicated the "A" at the end? Or the sequence CATTCACACA: original length 10, changed length 10? Wait, no: original is CATTCACACG (10 bases: C,A,T,T,C,A,C,A,C,G). Changed: CATTCACACA (C,A,T,T,C,A,C,A,C,A) – duplicated the "A" (position 10: G → A? No, position 9: C, position 10: G → position 9: C, position 10: A, and added an A? Wait, no, length: original 10, changed 10? Wait, no, CATTCACACG is 10, CATTCACACA is 10? Wait, C(1),A(2),T(3),T(4),C(5),A(6),C(7),A(8),C(9),A(10) – so position 10: G → A, and duplicated? No, maybe the "CAC" segment. Wait, original: C A T T C A C A C G. Changed: C A T T C A C A C A – the last G is replaced with A, and duplicated? No, duplication is repeating a segment. Let's check CATTCACACCACG: no, that's insertion. Wait, the sequence CATTCACACA: original is CATTCACACG (ends with CG). Changed: CATTCACACA (ends with CA) – maybe a deletion? No, deletion is shorter. Wait, maybe the sequence CATTTACACG? Wait, the changed sequences include CATTTACACG. Wait, original: CATTCACACG. Changed: CATTTACACG – added a T at position 3? No, position 3: T, position 4: T, position 5: C. Changed: position 3: T, position 4: T, position 5: T? Wait, original: C A T T C A C A C G. Changed: C A T T T C A C A C G – added a T at position 5? No, position 5: C → T? No, substitution. Wait, I think I messed up. Let's re-express:

Original sequence: CATTCACACG (let's write as: C A T T C A C A C G)

Deletion:

• Deletion removes nucleotides. The sequence CATTCACG is shorter (length 8 vs 10). Original: C A T T C A C A C G. Changed: C A T T C A C G (missing A and C at positions 8 and 9: A (8) and C (9) are deleted). So deletion → CATTCACG.

Insertion:

• Insertion adds nucleotides. The sequence CATTCACACCACG is longer (length 13 vs 10). Original: C A T T C A C A C G. Changed: C A T T C A C A C C A C G (inserted "CCAC" after the 9th base). So insertion → CATTCACACCACG.

Inversion:

• Inversion reverses a segment. The sequence CATTGCACAC: original C A T T C A C A C G. Changed C A T T G C A C A C. The segment "C A" (positions 5 - 6: C, A) is reversed to "G C" (positions 5 - 6: G, C). Wait, no, inversion is reversing a segment (e.g., a group of bases). Let's check the middle: original "CAC" (positions 7 - 9: C, A, C) → changed "CAC" (positions 7 - 9: C, A, C) no. Wait, maybe the "CATTC" → "CATTG" – no, that's substitution. Wait, maybe the sequence CATTGCACAC has a reversed segment. Let's see: original "CAC" (positions 7 - 9) → changed "CAC" (positions 7 - 9). No. Wait, maybe I made a mistake. Let's check the substitution.

Substitution:

• Substitution replaces one nucleotide. The sequence CATTGCACAC: original position 5: C → G (C A T T C A C A C G → C A T T G C A C A C). So position 5: C → G (substitution). So substitution → CATTGCACAC.

Duplication:

• Duplication repeats a segment. The sequence CATTCACACA: original ends with CG (C A T T C A C A C G). Changed ends with CA (C A T T C A C A C A) – duplicated the A? Or the sequence CATTTACACG: original C A T T C A C A C G → C A T T T C A C A C G (duplicated the T at position 4? No, position 5: C → T? No, substitution. Wait, the sequence CATTCACACA: original length 10, changed length 10? Wait, no, CATTCACACG is 10, CATTCACACA is 10? Wait, C(1),A(2),T(3),T(4),C(5),A(6),C(7),A(8),C(9),A(10) – so position 10: G → A, and duplicated? No, duplication is repeating a segment. Wait, the sequence CATTCACACA: original "CAC" (positions 7 - 9: C, A, C) → changed "CAC" (positions 7 - 9: C, A, C) and then A (position 10: G → A) – no. Wait, maybe the sequence CATTTACACG: original C A T T C A C A C G → C A T T T C A C A C G (added a T at position 5? No, position 5: C → T? No, substitution. Wait, I think the duplication is CATTCACACA: original "CAC" (positions 7 - 9) → changed "CACA" (positions 7 - 10: C, A, C, A) – duplicated the A at position 8? So original: C A T T C A C A C G (positions 7 - 10: C, A, C, G). Changed: C A T T C A C A C A (positions 7 - 10: C, A, C, A) – duplicated the A (position 10: G → A, and duplicated the A? No, maybe the "AC" segment.

Wait, let's list all changed sequences:

1. CATTCACACA
2. CATTCACACCACG
3. CATTTACACG
4. CATTCACG
5. CATTGCACAC

Now, match each to mutation:

• Deletion: Removes nucleotides → CATTCACG (shorter than original).
• Insertion: Adds nucleotides → CATTCACACCACG (longer than original).
• Inversion: Reverses a segment → Let's check CATTGCACAC. Original: C A T T C A C A C G. Changed: C A T T G C A C A C. The segment "C A" (positions 5 - 6) is reversed to "G C" (positions 5 - 6: G, C). So inversion → CATTGCACAC.
• Duplication: Repeats a segment → CATTCACACA. Original: C A T T C A C A C G. Changed: C A T T C A C A C A. The last "C G" becomes "C A" (duplicated the A? Or the "AC" segment: original "AC" (positions 8 - 9: A, C) → changed "AC" (positions 8 - 9: A, C) and then A (position 10: G → A) – maybe duplicated the A. Alternatively, the sequence CATTCACACA has a duplicated A at the end.
• Substitution: Replaces one nucleotide → CATTTACACG? Wait, no. Wait, CATTGCACAC: position 5: C → G (substitution). Wait, no, substitution is one base. Let's check CATTTACACG: original position 5: C → T (C A T T C A C A C G → C A T T T C A C A C G) – that's a substitution (C→T). Wait, I think I mixed up. Let's correct:

• Substitution: Replaces one nucleotide. The sequence CATTGCACAC: original position 5 (C) → G (so C→G). So substitution → CATTGCACAC.
• Duplication: Repeats a segment. The sequence CATTCACACA: original "CAC" (positions 7 - 9: C, A, C) → changed "CACA" (positions 7 - 10: C, A, C, A) – duplicated the A (position 8: A, position 10: A). So duplication → CATTCACACA.
• Insertion: CATTCACACCACG (adds "CCAC" after position 9).
• Deletion: CATTCACG (removes "AC" from positions 8 - 9).
• Inversion: Wait, maybe the sequence CATTTACACG: original position 5 (C) → T (C→T) – substitution? No, inversion is reversing a segment. Wait, maybe the sequence CATTTACACG has an insertion of T? No, length: original 10, changed 10? Wait, original: C A T T C A C A C G (10). Changed: C A T T T C A C A C G (11) – inserted a T at position 5. So insertion? No, earlier we said insertion is CATTCACACCACG.

I think the correct matches are:

• Deletion: CATTCACG (removes nucleotides, shorter)
• Insertion: CATTCACACCACG (adds nucleotides, longer)
• Inversion: CATTGCACAC (reverses a segment, e.g., "CA" → "GC" in positions 5 - 6)
• Duplication: CATTCACACA (duplicates a segment, e.g., "A" at the end)
• Substitution: CATTTACACG (replaces C with T at position 5)

Final Matches:

• Deletion: CATTCACG
• Insertion: CATTCACACCACG
• Inversion: CATTGCACAC
• Duplication: CATTCACACA
• Substitution: CATTTACACG

(Note: The exact segment for inversion/substitution may vary, but the key is matching the mutation type to the sequence change: deletion (shorter), insertion (longer), substitution (one base change), duplication (repeated segment), inversion (reversed segment).)