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QUESTION IMAGE

individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable an…

Question

individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events are exhibiting

a.
self - actualization attributes

b.
the fight - or - flight response

c.
attributional deficits

d.
cognitive dissonance

e.
learned helplessness

Explanation:

Brief Explanations
  • Option A:自我实现(self - actualization)是追求个人潜能发挥,与题干中“不作为”不符。
  • Option B:战斗或逃跑反应(fight - or - flight response)是面对威胁时的应激反应,会采取行动(战斗或逃跑),而非不作为。
  • Option C:归因缺陷(attributional deficits)主要是归因方式的问题,题干强调的是“认为不可避免而不作为”,并非归因方式本身的缺陷。
  • Option D:认知失调(cognitive dissonance)是认知和行为不一致产生的心理紧张,与题干描述无关。
  • Option E:习得性无助(learned helplessness)指个体经历失败或不可控事件后,认为事件不可控、不可避免,从而放弃尝试改变,符合题干中“认为不愉快经历不可避免且不作为”的描述。

Answer:

E. learned helplessness