Question

an independent clause includes all of the following except:
a a predicate.
b a coordinating conjunction.
c a subject.
d a complete thought.

Explanation:

An independent clause has a subject, a predicate, and expresses a complete thought. Coordinating conjunctions (like and, but, or) are used to connect clauses (e.g., in compound sentences), not part of an independent clause's essential components. So the exception is a coordinating conjunction.

Answer:

B. a coordinating conjunction.