Question

humanism: before & after
directions: in the chart below, indicate the changes that took place as a
result of humanism.
study of ancient
greek & roman
writings
most europeans knew very little about
ancient greek & roman thinking. in
fact, in the early middle ages, many
people were illiterate, including nobles.
mathematics &
engineering
mathematics was of little importance to
life on the manor. nobles worked to
protect their land and bring in money.
literature
during the middle ages, writing was
primarily done in latin, so common
people could not read most books.
science
the catholic church did not encourage
the study of the human body, so
scientists did not study anatomy.
cartography
europeans during the middle ages did
not frequently leave their land. there
was little interest in the world outside
of their surroundings.
faith & church
most europeans devoted their daily lives
to following the catholic churchs
teachings.
art
art was one dimensional and typically
religious. people spent little time
developing their artistic abilities.

Explanation:

• Study of Ancient Greek & Roman Writings: During the Renaissance (after Humanism), there was a revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman thinking. Scholars actively studied and translated these works, which became a cornerstone of humanist education. This led to a broader dissemination of knowledge from these classical civilizations.
• Mathematics & Engineering: In the Renaissance, mathematics and engineering gained more importance. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci used mathematical principles in their art (e.g., perspective), and there was an increase in engineering projects such as the construction of elaborate buildings and infrastructure. The study of mathematics was no longer just a niche but had practical applications in various fields.
• Literature: After Humanism, literature started to be written in vernacular languages (languages spoken by the common people) rather than just Latin. This made literature more accessible to a wider audience. Writers like Dante (writing in Italian) and Chaucer (writing in Middle English) became prominent, and literature began to explore human experiences, emotions, and individuality more deeply.
• Science: The Renaissance saw a shift in the study of science. Scientists like Vesalius began to study human anatomy despite the Church's earlier discouragement. There was a new spirit of observation and experimentation. The Scientific Revolution, which had its roots in the Renaissance, led to a more systematic study of the natural world, challenging old - dogmatic views.
• Cartography: With the Age of Exploration (which was influenced by humanist curiosity), there was a great interest in cartography. Explorers like Columbus, Magellan, etc., needed accurate maps. Cartographers used new mathematical and observational techniques to create more detailed and accurate maps of the world, expanding people's knowledge of geography.
• Faith & Church: While the Catholic Church still had influence, there was a growing emphasis on individual interpretation of religious texts (a humanist idea of the individual's ability to reason). The Protestant Reformation (which was partly influenced by humanist thought) challenged some of the Catholic Church's doctrines and power structures. People also started to balance their religious devotion with a focus on worldly achievements.
• Art: Renaissance art became more realistic and three - dimensional. Artists studied human anatomy, used perspective (a mathematical concept in art), and depicted a wider range of subjects, including non - religious themes. There was also a flourishing of artistic talent as artists like Michelangelo, Raphael, etc., were patronized and their skills were highly valued.

Answer:

Concept	After Humanism (Renaissance)
Mathematics & Engineering	Used in art (e.g., perspective); more engineering projects; practical applications.
Literature	Written in vernacular; explored human experiences; accessible to more people.
Science	Study of anatomy (e.g., Vesalius); new observational/experimental methods.
Cartography	Detailed and accurate maps for exploration; new techniques.
Faith & Church	Individual interpretation of texts; challenge to Church power (e.g., Protestant Reformation).
Art	Realistic, three - dimensional; non - religious themes; highly skilled artists.