Question

how can graphs be misleading?
a. by showing data over time
b. by clearly labeling axes
c. by using inappropriate scales
d. by including all relevant data

Explanation:

• Option a: Showing data over time is a common and valid way to present data in graphs (e.g., line graphs for trends), so it is not misleading.
• Option b: Clearly labeling axes helps in understanding the graph (what \(x\) - axis and \(y\) - axis represent), so it is a good practice and not misleading.
• Option c: Using inappropriate scales (e.g., starting the \(y\) - axis at a non - zero value when comparing values that are close to each other or using a non - linear scale without proper indication) can distort the visual perception of the data. For example, if a bar graph has a \(y\) - axis that starts at 100 instead of 0 for values that range from 100 to 120, the differences between the bars will look much smaller than they actually are.
• Option d: Including all relevant data is a good practice for an accurate representation of the information, so it is not misleading.

Answer:

C. By using inappropriate scales