Question

the following statements on the left as being characteristic of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism by dragging them into the appropriate category on the right.
thyrotoxicosis is another name for this disease
treatment may include surgical removal of the thyroid gland or drugs that inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis
iodine deficiency is one cause, which leads to elevated trh, tsh, and a goiter
plasma t₃ and t₄ levels are chronically above normal
symptoms include cold intolerance and weight gain
if untreated, myxedema, or puffiness of the face and other regions, can occur
hashimotos disease is one autoimmune cause of this condition
plasma t₃ and t₄ levels are chronically below normal
results from damage to or loss of functional thyroid tissue
graves disease is an autoimmune disease that is the most common cause
symptoms include fatigue, changes in skin tone, hair appear, and mental function
can result from hormone - secreting tumors of the thyroid gland
symptoms include heat intolerance and weight loss
symptoms often include increased nervous system activity such as anxiety tremors, hyperventilation, and increased heart

Explanation:

• Hypothyroidism:
• Iodine deficiency leads to low thyroid hormone production, so TRH and TSH (which stimulate thyroid) are elevated. Hashimoto's disease damages thyroid tissue. Low \(T_3\) and \(T_4\) (thyroid hormones) cause symptoms like cold intolerance (lower metabolic rate means less heat production), weight gain (slower metabolism stores more fat), fatigue (less energy from metabolism), and if untreated, myxedema (due to mucopolysaccharide accumulation from low - thyroid - hormone - regulated metabolism). Plasma \(T_3\) and \(T_4\) levels are chronically below normal as the thyroid fails to produce enough hormones.
• Hyperthyroidism:
• Thyrotoxicosis is another name as there is excess thyroid hormone (toxic levels in the body). Treatment may involve removing over - active thyroid tissue (surgical removal) or drugs to stop excess hormone synthesis. Graves' disease (an autoimmune disease where antibodies stimulate the thyroid) is common. Plasma \(T_3\) and \(T_4\) are above normal. Hormone - secreting tumors can overproduce thyroid hormones. Symptoms like heat intolerance (high metabolic rate produces more heat), weight loss (faster metabolism burns more calories), and increased nervous system activity (thyroid hormones affect neurotransmitter balance and metabolic rate of neurons) are due to high \(T_3\) and \(T_4\) increasing overall body metabolism.

Answer:

• Hypothyroidism:
• Iodine deficiency is one cause, which leads to elevated TRH, TSH, and a goiter.
• Symptoms include cold intolerance and weight gain.
• Hashimoto's disease is one autoimmune cause of this condition.
• Results from damage to or loss of functional thyroid tissue.
• Symptoms include fatigue, changes in skin tone, hair, appetite, and mental function.
• If untreated, myxedema, or puffiness of the face and other regions, can occur.
• Plasma \(T_3\) and \(T_4\) levels are chronically below normal.
• Hyperthyroidism:
• Thyrotoxicosis is another name for this disease.
• Treatment may include surgical removal of the thyroid gland or drugs that inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis.
• Plasma \(T_3\) and \(T_4\) levels are chronically above normal.
• Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease that is the most common cause.
• Can result from hormone - secreting tumors of the thyroid gland.
• Symptoms often include increased nervous system activity (such as anxiety, tremors, insomnia), and increased heart rate.
• Symptoms include heat intolerance and weight loss.