Question

1. in the deterrence view, punishment is ( select answer ) related to lawbreaking. in other words, it is not essential.

tangentially
genetically
externally
ideally

Explanation:

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<reasoning>

Analyze the sentence structure

The sentence states: "In the deterrence view, punishment is (select answer) related to lawbreaking. In other words, it is not essential." We need to find an adverb that means "not essential" or "only loosely/indirectly connected" to fit the context. This requires applying Vocabulary in Context to evaluate how the relationship between punishment and crime is framed.

Evaluate the philosophical context

In the Philosophy of Law and theories of Legal Punishment, the deterrence view holds that punishment is a tool used to prevent future crimes by discouraging potential offenders. Unlike retributivism (where punishment has an intrinsic, essential connection to the moral wrong of lawbreaking), deterrence treats punishment as an instrumental means to an end. Thus, the connection between the act of lawbreaking and the punishment is contingent or external rather than essential.

Assess the given options

• tangentially: Means touching lightly, peripheral, or only indirectly related. This does not align with the idea of an external but direct instrumental link, nor does it standardly contrast with "essential" in legal philosophy.
• genetically: Relates to origin or biology, which is irrelevant here.
• externally: Means from the outside, not inherent or intrinsic. In legal theory, deterrence views the connection between crime and punishment as contingent and external (instrumental), meaning it is "not essential" or intrinsic to the nature of the act itself.
• ideally: Relates to a perfect state, which does not fit "not essential."

Confirm the best fit

The phrase "not essential" directly glosses "externally" in this philosophical context. In retributivism, the connection is internal/intrinsic (essential); in deterrence, it is instrumental and therefore externally related.
</reasoning>

<answer>
<mcq-option>tangentially</mcq-option>
<mcq-option>genetically</mcq-option>
<mcq-correct>externally</mcq-correct>
<mcq-option>ideally</mcq-option>
</answer>

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Answer:

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<reasoning>

Analyze the sentence structure

The sentence states: "In the deterrence view, punishment is (select answer) related to lawbreaking. In other words, it is not essential." We need to find an adverb that means "not essential" or "only loosely/indirectly connected" to fit the context. This requires applying Vocabulary in Context to evaluate how the relationship between punishment and crime is framed.

Evaluate the philosophical context

In the Philosophy of Law and theories of Legal Punishment, the deterrence view holds that punishment is a tool used to prevent future crimes by discouraging potential offenders. Unlike retributivism (where punishment has an intrinsic, essential connection to the moral wrong of lawbreaking), deterrence treats punishment as an instrumental means to an end. Thus, the connection between the act of lawbreaking and the punishment is contingent or external rather than essential.

Assess the given options

• tangentially: Means touching lightly, peripheral, or only indirectly related. This does not align with the idea of an external but direct instrumental link, nor does it standardly contrast with "essential" in legal philosophy.
• genetically: Relates to origin or biology, which is irrelevant here.
• externally: Means from the outside, not inherent or intrinsic. In legal theory, deterrence views the connection between crime and punishment as contingent and external (instrumental), meaning it is "not essential" or intrinsic to the nature of the act itself.
• ideally: Relates to a perfect state, which does not fit "not essential."

Confirm the best fit

The phrase "not essential" directly glosses "externally" in this philosophical context. In retributivism, the connection is internal/intrinsic (essential); in deterrence, it is instrumental and therefore externally related.
</reasoning>

<answer>
<mcq-option>tangentially</mcq-option>
<mcq-option>genetically</mcq-option>
<mcq-correct>externally</mcq-correct>
<mcq-option>ideally</mcq-option>
</answer>

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