Question

chemistry for exercises 41-43, the ph of a solution describes its acidity. neutral water has a ph of one-unit decrease in the ph means that the solution is 10 times more example, a ph of 4 is 10 times more acidic than a ph of 5. 41. suppose the ph of a lake is 5 due to acid rain. how much more the lake than neutral water? 42. use the information at the left to find how much more acidic vineg than baking soda. 43. cola is 10⁴ times more acidic than neutral water. what is the ph of cola?

Explanation:

Problem 41:

Step1: Recall neutral water pH

Neutral water has a pH of 7 (implied by context, as a pH of 4 is 10 times more acidic than 5, so neutral is likely 7).

Step2: Calculate pH difference

The lake has pH 5, neutral is 7. The difference is \( 7 - 5 = 2 \) units.

Step3: Determine acidity factor

Each 1 - unit pH decrease means 10 times more acidic. For 2 units, it's \( 10^2 = 100 \) times.

Step1: Get pH values

Find pH of vinegar (\( pH_v \)) and baking soda (\( pH_b \)).

Step2: Calculate pH difference

\( \Delta pH = pH_b - pH_v \) (since lower pH is more acidic).

Step3: Acidity factor

Factor is \( 10^{\Delta pH} \).

Step1: Neutral water pH

Neutral water pH = 7.

Step2: Relate acidity to pH change

Let cola's pH be \( x \). Acidity factor is \( 10^{7 - x} = 10^4 \).

Step3: Solve for x

\( 7 - x = 4 \) → \( x = 7 - 4 = 3 \).

Answer:

100 times

Problem 42:

(Assuming vinegar has pH ~2, baking soda ~9; difference is \( 9 - 2 = 7 \), so \( 10^7 \) times. But since details are missing, general approach: