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page 15 of 19
question 15
which of the following terms refers to the presence of renal calculi?
a nephrolithiasis
b cystitis
c glomerulonephritis
d hydronephrosis

Explanation:

• Nephrolithiasis: The term specifically refers to the presence of renal calculi (kidney stones).
• Cystitis: Refers to inflammation of the bladder, not related to renal calculi.
• Glomerulonephritis: Involves inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, not about calculi.
• Hydronephrosis: Is the swelling of one or both kidneys due to a build - up of urine, not directly about calculi presence.

Answer:

A. Nephrolithiasis