Question

30 - 31. while a child is playing in a shallow pool, his older brother pushes him under - water. the child swallows a lot of water and becomes very frightened. (any time this child hears water splashing, he becomes very afraid and runs away.) now this same child becomes very nervous whenever he hears water splashing. in this example, identify the ucs, ucr, cs and cr.
ucs: ____________ ucr: ____________
cs: ____________ cr: ____________
32 - 35. you drink too much tequila and become nauseated and vomit. now just the aroma of tequila makes you feel sick to your stomach. in this example, identify the ucs, ucr, cs, and cr.
ucs: ____________ ucr: ____________
cs: ____________ cr: ____________
36 - 38. operant conditioning is very different from classical conditioning. it involves the learning of a voluntary behavior—something you choose to do. in contrast, classical conditioning involves the conditioning of an automatic ____________ to a new stimulus. classical conditioning takes place in your sub - cortical brain (unconscious or conscious), operant learning occurs in your cerebral cortex or ____________ brain (unconscious or conscious).
39 - 40. an operant response is a ____________ (voluntary or involuntary) response. it is encouraged if it receives either a positive reinforcement or a negative reinforcement. a positive reinforcement is \getting something good\. so if my students praises me for teaching something well, my teaching efforts have been encouraged because they were provided a ____________ reinforcement (positive or negative).
41 - 42. you get paid money for working. this money is another example of positive reinforcement. what other positive reinforcement do you get at work?
43 - 44. when you study hard and receive an a, that is an example of a ____________ reinforcement. when you spend time with certain friends because they are so much fun, that is also an example of ____________.

1. however, when we are avoiding something bad, we are also getting a type of payoff or reinforcement. this type of payoff is called negative reinforcement. skinner did not mean \bad\ when he chose the term negative reinforcement. he meant negative in the context of receiving negative results for having strep throat. if the tests come out negative, there is no strep throat. thats a payoff—but not for getting something good but for avoiding something bad so it is called ______________ reinforcement.
2. the absence of infection by any doctor is referred to as

egative test results.\ so, if a person goes to a neurologist to see if they have a brain tumor, they want the doctor to find ______________ results as this means that they do not have a tumor (positive or negative).

1. so, if i go to the doctor and am told that i do not have strep throat, then i have been given a type of reinforcement or payoff—but its a negative reinforcement not a positive reinforcement because it involves ______________ of something bad. (avoidance or presence)
2. when we avoid or escape something bad, the event is called negative reinforcement. negative reinforcement is not punishment. in fact, punishment is the opposite—punishment is getting something bad. if i drive over the speed limit but still manage to avoid getting a ticket, then that is ______________ reinforcement.

Explanation:

31 - 35: In classical - conditioning, UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus) elicits UCR (Unconditioned Response) naturally. CS (Conditioned Stimulus) is initially neutral but, after association with UCS, elicits CR (Conditioned Response). For the child - in - pool example, UCS could be the experience of drowning (or being pushed under), UCR is the fear, CS could be the sight of the pool later, and CR is the fear response to the pool. For the tequila example, UCS is the tequila consumption, UCR is nausea/vomiting, CS is the aroma of tequila, and CR is feeling sick at the aroma.
36 - 38: Classical conditioning involves learning an automatic response to a new stimulus, related to the sub - cortical or lower brain. Operant conditioning involves voluntary behavior and occurs in the cerebral cortex or higher brain.
39 - 40: An operant response is voluntary and can be reinforced positively or negatively. Positive reinforcement is adding something good.
41 - 42: Positive reinforcements at work can include praise, promotions, bonuses.
43 - 44: Studying hard and getting an A is positive reinforcement. Spending time with fun friends is also positive reinforcement.
45 - 48: Negative reinforcement is avoiding something bad. For example, a negative test result for a disease is a form of negative reinforcement as it means avoiding the bad state of having the disease.

Answer:

31 - 35:

• Child - in - pool:
• UCS: Being pushed under water/drowning experience
• UCR: Fear
• CS: Sight of the pool
• CR: Fear of the pool
• Tequila example:
• UCS: Drinking too much tequila
• UCR: Nausea and vomiting
• CS: Aroma of tequila
• CR: Feeling sick at the aroma

36 - 38:

• Classical conditioning: learning an automatic response, sub - cortical or lower
• Operant conditioning: voluntary behavior, cerebral cortex or higher

39 - 40:

• Operant response: voluntary
• Positive reinforcement example: students' praise for good teaching (positive)

41 - 42: Praise, promotions, bonuses (other positive reinforcements at work)
43 - 44: Positive; Positive
45 - 48: Negative; Negative; avoidance