Question

3.13 review the skill
underline the gerund or gerund phrase in each of the following sentences. then identify its function as subject (s), direct object (do), predicate noun (pn), indi - rect object (io), or object of the preposition (op).

1. living to 107 is an accomplishment in itself.
2. rose freedman could also claim the distinction of being the last survivor of the triangle shirtwaist factory fire of 1911.
3. the result of the fire was the killing of 146 workers at the triangle shirtwaist factory in new york city.
4. these deaths caused protesting from the public.
5. the practice of locking the doors to stop unauthorized breaks resulted in death for many of the workers.
6. freedman escaped by following company executives to the roof.
7. there firefighters pulled the surviving to a nearby roof.
8. forgetting the fire was impossible for freedman.
9. throughout her life she gave her time and attention to campaigning for worker safety.
10. reactions to the fire included the favoring of new labor laws and stronger labor unions.

Explanation:

• Gerund/Gerund Phrase Identification: A gerund is a verb - ing form that functions as a noun. In each sentence, the underlined part is the gerund or gerund phrase.
• Function Determination:
• Subject (S): In sentences 1 and 8, the gerund/gerund phrase is what the sentence is about (e.g., Living to 107 is the subject of “is an accomplishment”).
• Direct Object (DO): In sentences 4, 7, and 10, the gerund/gerund phrase receives the action of the verb (e.g., “caused” in sentence 4, “pulled” in sentence 7, “included” in sentence 10).
• Predicate Noun (PN): In sentence 3, the gerund phrase renames the subject “The result”.
• Object of the Preposition (OP): In sentences 2, 5, 6, and 9, the gerund/gerund phrase follows a preposition (e.g., “of” in sentence 2, “of” in sentence 5, “by” in sentence 6, “to” in sentence 9).

Answer:

1. Underline: Living to 107; Function: S
2. Underline: being the last survivor of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of 1911; Function: OP
3. Underline: the killing of 146 workers at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York City; Function: PN
4. Underline: protesting; Function: DO
5. Underline: locking the doors to stop unauthorized breaks; Function: OP
6. Underline: following company executives to the roof; Function: OP
7. Underline: surviving; Function: DO
8. Underline: Forgetting the fire; Function: S
9. Underline: campaigning for worker safety; Function: OP
10. Underline: the favoring of new labor laws and stronger labor unions; Function: DO