Question

which of the following is common to positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?
○ instinctive drift
○ punishment
○ contingency
○ spontaneous recovery

Explanation:

• Instinctive drift: Unrelated to reinforcement principles.
• Punishment: Opposite of reinforcement (decreases behavior), so not common.
• Contingency: Both positive and negative reinforcement rely on a contingency (behavior - consequence relationship) to increase behavior.
• Spontaneous recovery: Related to extinction, not reinforcement.

Answer:

C. Contingency