Question

1. what does the null hypothesis (h₀) typically assert in hypothesis testing?

a. there is a significant effect or difference.
b. the p - value is less than the significance level.
c. there is no effect or difference.
d. the sample data does not agree with the population data.

Explanation:

In hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis ($H_0$) is a statement of no effect or no difference. It serves as the baseline assumption that researchers aim to test against an alternative hypothesis. Option a is incorrect as it describes the alternative hypothesis. Option b relates to the decision - making criterion (comparing p - value and significance level) rather than what the null hypothesis asserts. Option d is about the relationship between sample and population data, not the core assertion of the null hypothesis.

Answer:

C. There is no effect or difference.