Question

1. for the track coachs study described in the previous question, assuming the results are statistically significant, which of the following best describes the conclusion that can be drawn? (a) we can determine whether the new training program improves race times more than the standard program for distance runners like those in this study. (b) we can determine whether the new training program improves race times more than the standard program for any distance runner. (c) we can determine whether race times are faster for runners in the new program, but we cant establish cause and effect. (d) we cannot draw any conclusions, because all the volunteers were already members of this coachs team. (e) we cannot draw any conclusions, because there was no control group.

Explanation:

In a proper statistical study, a control group is needed to compare results and establish cause - and - effect relationships. Without a control group, we cannot draw valid conclusions about whether the new training program is effective.

Answer:

E. We cannot draw any conclusions, because there was no control group.