Question

in a toulmin argument, ______ refers to the evidence that supports the warrants.
○ reasons
○ backing
○ claims
○ evidence
clear my selection
18 multiple answer 1 point
which forms of reasoning form the foundation of arguments? (choose all that apply)
□ monoscriptive
□ deductive
□ prescriptive
□ inductive

Explanation:

First Question (Toulmin Argument Component)

In a Toulmin argument, "backing" is the element that provides evidence to support the warrants. "Reasons" support claims, "claims" are the assertions, and "evidence" supports claims directly, not warrants. So the correct option is backing.

Deductive reasoning (drawing specific conclusions from general principles) and inductive reasoning (drawing general conclusions from specific instances) are foundational to arguments. "Monoscriptive" is not a standard reasoning form, and "prescriptive" focuses on norms/oughts, not argument foundation. So deductive and inductive apply.

Answer:

B. backing

Second Question (Forms of Reasoning)