Question

select the text from the paragraph that best helps you understand that ruse means plan that is meant to deceive people. there may be more than one correct choice.
to determine whether hanss performance was simply a ruse, the german board of education sent a team of scientists to observe von osten and his horse. the team concluded that there were no tricks involved in the horses shows. however, oskar pfungst, a psychologist associated with the team, eventually realized that hans did not possess any mathematical acumen. instead, he was just picking up on subtle changes in peoples body language and using these cues to arrive at the correct number of taps. pfungst showed that people tend to make faint movements, such as tilting their heads slightly upward, when they expect to hear a certain answer. this propensity to provide unconscious behavioral clues has become known as the clever hans effect. scientists are now very careful to take this effect into consideration when designing experiments.

Explanation:

The word "ruse" means a plan meant to deceive. In the text, the context of the German board sending scientists to observe because they thought Hans's performance might be a "ruse" (a deceptive plan) is set. Then, it is shown that Hans was not actually doing math (which would be a real performance) but using people's body - language cues (a deceptive way of appearing to do math). The key part is "the team concluded that there were no tricks involved in the horse’s shows". The word "tricks" here is related to the idea of deception, which helps in understanding that a "ruse" is a deceptive plan.

Answer:

tricks