select all of the factors that enabled racism to become institutionalized in the united states following the end of the reconstruction period. federal troops were removed from southern states. the republican party regained control of state governments in the south. the federal government banned the application of grandfather clauses to new laws. the supreme court affirmed the principle of “separate but equal” in plessy v. ferguson. southern state governments repealed laws that limited african - americans’ ability to vote.

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# Brief Explanations:
1. **Federal troops were removed from southern states**: After Reconstruction, federal troops' withdrawal from the South allowed white supremacist groups and southern states to enforce racist policies without federal oversight.
2. **The Republican Party regained control of state governments in the South**: Actually, after Reconstruction, the Democratic Party (which supported white supremacy) regained control of southern state governments, so this is incorrect. Wait, no—wait, the question is about factors enabling institutionalized racism. Let's re - evaluate:
   - **Federal troops removed**: Correct, as federal protection for Black rights ended.
   - **Republican control in South**: No, after Reconstruction, Democrats (who were more aligned with white supremacist interests in the South at that time) took back control. So this is incorrect.
   - **Federal government banned grandfather clauses**: No, grandfather clauses were used to disenfranchise Black voters and were not banned by the federal government at this time (they were later struck down, but not right after Reconstruction).
   - **Supreme Court affirmed “separate but equal” in Plessy v. Ferguson**: This 1896 decision legalized racial segregation, making racism institutionalized by giving it judicial approval.
   - **Southern state governments repealed laws limiting African - Americans' ability to vote**: No, southern states passed (not repealed) laws like literacy tests, poll taxes, etc., to limit Black voting rights. Wait, the option says "repealed laws that limited African - Americans' ability to vote"—that would be a good thing, not enabling racism. So that's incorrect.

So the correct ones are:
- Federal troops were removed from southern states.
- The Supreme Court affirmed the principle of “separate but equal” in Plessy v. Ferguson.
- Also, Southern state governments passed (not repealed, but the option as given is about repealing laws that limited Black voting—so that's wrong. Wait, maybe I misread. The option is "Southern state governments repealed laws that limited African - Americans' ability to vote"—if they repealed laws that limited Black voting, that would be anti - racism. So that's not a factor. So the correct factors are:
  - Federal troops were removed from southern states.
  - The Supreme Court affirmed the principle of “separate but equal” in Plessy v. Ferguson.
  - Also, when the Republican Party lost control (not regained) of southern state governments (the option says "regained", which is wrong). And the federal government did not ban grandfather clauses (they were used to disenfranchise). So the correct options are:
    - Federal troops were removed from southern states.
    - The Supreme Court affirmed the principle of “separate but equal” in Plessy v. Ferguson.
    - Also, Southern state governments (in reality, they passed laws to limit Black voting, but the option is about repealing laws that limited—so that's incorrect. So the two correct ones are the first (federal troops removed) and the fourth (Plessy v. Ferguson decision), and also, the option about southern state governments: if we misread, maybe the option is "Southern state governments passed laws that limited African - Americans' ability to vote" (but the option says "repealed"). So based on the given options:
    - Federal troops were removed from southern states: Correct.
    - The Supreme Court affirmed the principle of “separate but equal” in Plessy v. Ferguson: Correct.
    - The other options:
      - The Republican Party regained control of state governments in the South: Incorrect (Democrats took control).
      - The federal government banned the application of grandfather clauses to new laws: Incorrect (grandfather clauses were used to disenfranchise).
      - Southern state governments repealed laws that limited African - Americans' ability to vote: Incorrect (they passed such laws).

# Answer:
- Federal troops were removed from southern states.
- The Supreme Court affirmed the principle of “separate but equal” in Plessy v. Ferguson.

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