roman citizenship:

in the time of the republic, the rights of citizenship could be acquired by birth, by naturalization by petitioning for citizenship of foreign - born, or for a slave, by being freed by his master. children of a legal marriage enjoyed these rights. before 445 b.c.e., a legal marriage could be entered into by patricians only, but in that year it was given to plebeians also. foreigners could gain the rights of roman citizenship only through the action of the popular assembly. the formal announcement of a slaves freedom by his master made him a citizen. the slaves of a latin acquired the rights of citizenship when he was adopted by a roman citizen. latins were members of one of the tribes on the peninsula of italy.

under the roman empire, the practices of the republic continued and others were added. those who received an honorable discharge after having served 25 years in the auxiliary force, or 26 years in the navy, became roman citizens. latins gained the same privilege when they were enrolled in the roman legions, and magistrates in the towns enjoying the latin rights were honored with roman citizenship. freedmen also, after serving a certain number of years as sentinels gained full civic rights. the conditions on which citizenship was granted to individuals or particular communities cannot be so exactly stated. personal favor, or political considerations, or a desire to reward those who had rendered a noteworthy service to the community were usually the deciding factors in those cases. the greatest addition to the number of citizens, however, came by way of freeing the slaves.

all roman citizens, except freedmen, had the full employment of the traditional rights of commerce, marriage, the right of appeal, the right to due process of law, the right to vote, and the right to hold office. the two principal obligations resting on roman citizens were the payment of taxes and service in the army. roman citizens in italy paid no direct taxes. those in the provinces were subject to two taxes. the exemption of roman citizens in italy was the peculiar privilege going with the italic rights. military service was incumbent on necessary for every freeman but, since a sufficient number of soldiers were usually to be had by voluntary enlistment, it was rarely necessary to resort to a draft. in fact, after the time of the flavian emperors, the roman legions were never recruited from italy. the legions and the praetorian guard were made up exclusively of free - born roman citizens and of latins. freedmen served in the navy.

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roman citizenship:

in the time of the republic, the rights of citizenship could be acquired by birth, by naturalization by petitioning for citizenship of foreign - born, or for a slave, by being freed by his master. children of a legal marriage enjoyed these rights. before 445 b.c.e., a legal marriage could be entered into by patricians only, but in that year it was given to plebeians also. foreigners could gain the rights of roman citizenship only through the action of the popular assembly. the formal announcement of a slaves freedom by his master made him a citizen. the slaves of a latin acquired the rights of citizenship when he was adopted by a roman citizen. latins were members of one of the tribes on the peninsula of italy.

under the roman empire, the practices of the republic continued and others were added. those who received an honorable discharge after having served 25 years in the auxiliary force, or 26 years in the navy, became roman citizens. latins gained the same privilege when they were enrolled in the roman legions, and magistrates in the towns enjoying the latin rights were honored with roman citizenship. freedmen also, after serving a certain number of years as sentinels gained full civic rights. the conditions on which citizenship was granted to individuals or particular communities cannot be so exactly stated. personal favor, or political considerations, or a desire to reward those who had rendered a noteworthy service to the community were usually the deciding factors in those cases. the greatest addition to the number of citizens, however, came by way of freeing the slaves.

all roman citizens, except freedmen, had the full employment of the traditional rights of commerce, marriage, the right of appeal, the right to due process of law, the right to vote, and the right to hold office. the two principal obligations resting on roman citizens were the payment of taxes and service in the army. roman citizens in italy paid no direct taxes. those in the provinces were subject to two taxes. the exemption of roman citizens in italy was the peculiar privilege going with the italic rights. military service was incumbent on necessary for every freeman but, since a sufficient number of soldiers were usually to be had by voluntary enlistment, it was rarely necessary to resort to a draft. in fact, after the time of the flavian emperors, the roman legions were never recruited from italy. the legions and the praetorian guard were made up exclusively of free - born roman citizens and of latins. freedmen served in the navy.

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# Brief Explanations:
The text details how Roman citizenship was acquired during the Republic and Empire periods, and the rights and obligations of Roman citizens. It covers methods like birth, naturalization, manumission of slaves, and military - service related routes to citizenship, as well as rights such as voting and due - process, and obligations like tax - payment and military service.
# Answer:
The passage describes the acquisition, rights, and obligations of Roman citizenship in the Roman Republic and Empire.

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