Question

people whose personalities include high levels of ___ seem to be \disease-prone.\

select one
a. anger & hostility
b. fear
c. type a
d. all of the above

Explanation:

Define disease-prone personality

In Health Psychology, researchers study how psychological factors influence physical health. A "disease-prone personality" refers to personality traits that involve high levels of negative affectivity, such as chronic anxiety, depression, and anger, which are linked to a higher risk of developing physical illnesses.

Analyze individual options

• Anger & hostility: High levels of Anger and Aggression (specifically hostility) are strongly linked to physiological reactivity, cardiovascular disease, and overall poorer health outcomes.
• Fear: Chronic fear and anxiety contribute to prolonged activation of the sympathetic nervous system and elevated cortisol levels, which suppress immune function and increase vulnerability to disease.
• Type A: The Type A behavior pattern is characterized by time urgency, competitiveness, and hostility, and is historically associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease.

Determine the best choice

Since anger & hostility, fear, and Type A personality characteristics all involve high levels of negative emotionality or stress-inducing behaviors that contribute to being "disease-prone," they are all correct. Therefore, "all of the above" is the most comprehensive and accurate answer.

Answer:

• A. anger & hostility
• B. fear
• C. Type A
• D. all of the above (Correct answer)