Question

the past perfect is used to describe an action that was completed before another action in the past. it is often used with the past simple.
past perfect structure: subject + had + past participle
sequence words are often used to help make the chronological order of these actions clearer.
words and phrases like after, by then and as soon as are used before the past perfect. phrases such as by the time are used before the past simple. words like before and when can be used with both tenses.
example: silvia had cleaned her house before her guests arrived.
a. complete the sentences with the past perfect or past simple form of the verbs in brackets.

1. after i ................... (cut) the grass, it ....................... (start) to rain.
2. my boss ..................... (ask) me to e - mail a customer but by then i ....................... already ....................... (turn off) my computer.
3. by the time my husband ....................... (get) home, i ....................... (eat) dinner.
4. i ....................... (buy) her a watch before i ....................... (find out) she wanted a necklace.
5. ann ....................... already ....................... (type) ten pages when her computer ....................... (crash).
6. as soon as the bar ....................... (close), we ....................... (go) back to the hotel.
7. i ....................... (arrive) at class on time but by then the professor ....................... already ....................... (start) the lecture.
8. they ....................... (restart) the game as soon as the rain ....................... (stop).

Explanation:

Para resolver estas oraciones, se aplica la estructura del past perfect (sujeto + had + participio pasado) para acciones completadas antes de otra en el pasado, y el past simple (sujeto + verbo en pretérito) para la acción posterior. Se usan señales como after, by then, as soon as, by the time para distinguir el orden.

1. After I had cut (past perfect, acción primera) the grass, it started (past simple, acción segunda) to rain.

• After indica que "cortar el pasto" fue antes de "empezar a llover".

2. My boss asked (past simple, acción segunda) me to e - mail a customer but by then I had already turned off (past perfect, acción primera) my computer.

• By then muestra que "apagar la computadora" fue antes de "pedir enviar el e - mail".

3. By the time my husband got (past simple, acción segunda) home, I had eaten (past perfect, acción primera) dinner.

• By the time señala que "comer la cena" ocurrió antes de "llegar a casa".

4. I had bought (past perfect, acción primera) her a watch before I found out (past simple, acción segunda) she wanted a necklace.

• Before indica que "comprar el reloj" fue antes de "enterarse del collar".

5. Ann had already typed (past perfect, acción primera) ten pages when her computer crashed (past simple, acción segunda).

• When aquí marca que "tipar las páginas" fue antes de "el computador fallar".

6. As soon as the bar closed (past simple, acción primera, pero en as soon as a veces la primera acción se ve como simultánea o seguida, pero en estructura: la cerrada del bar es la señal para "ir de vuelta", así que "closed" (past simple) y "went" (past simple)? Wait, no: As soon as la acción del bar cerrar (primera) y luego ir (segunda). Pero si la primera es antes, debería ser past perfect? Wait, a veces as soon as puede usar past simple si las acciones son muy cercanas, pero la regla es: si la primera es completamente antes, past perfect. Aquí, "el bar cerró" y luego "fuimos". Entonces: As soon as the bar had closed? No, a veces en inglés coloquial se usa past simple. Pero siguiendo la estructura formal: la acción de cerrar el bar es la que desencadena ir. Entonces: As soon as the bar closed (past simple, acción desencadenante), we went (past simple, acción resultante). Pero si la primera es antes, debería ser past perfect. Wait, la regla es que as soon as puede llevar past simple si las acciones son consecutivas en el pasado. Entonces: As soon as the bar closed, we went back to the hotel.

7. I arrived (past simple, acción segunda) at class on time but by then the professor had already started (past perfect, acción primera) the lecture.

• By then muestra que "empezar la lección" fue antes de "llegar a clase".

8. They restarted (past simple, acción segunda) the game as soon as the rain had stopped (past perfect, acción primera) / stopped (past simple, si se considera que la lluvia paró y luego reiniciaron, a veces se usa past simple en as soon as). Pero formalmente, "la lluvia parar" es antes de "reiniciar el juego", así que: They restarted the game as soon as the rain had stopped. Pero en uso coloquial, a veces se usa past simple. Pero siguiendo la estructura del past perfect para la acción anterior:

• had stopped (past perfect) para la lluvia parar (antes), restarted (past simple) para reiniciar.

Answer:

1. had cut; started
2. asked; had; turned off
3. got; had eaten
4. had bought; found out
5. had; typed; crashed
6. closed; went (o had closed; went si se quiere más formal)
7. arrived; had; started
8. restarted; had stopped (o stopped en uso coloquial)