Question

part 1 - analyze the cladogram (answer the questions in purple or red font)
examine the sample cladogram, each letter on the diagram points to a derived character, or something different (or newer) than what was seen in previous groups. match the letter to its character. note: this cladogram was created for simplicity and understanding, it does not represent the established phylogeny for insects and their relatives.

1. ____ wings
2. ____ 6 legs
3. ____ segmented body
4. ____ double set of wings
5. ____ legs
6. ____ crushing mouthparts
7. ____ curly antennae
8. ____ cerci (abdominal appendages)

Explanation:

To solve this, we analyze the cladogram and match each character to the correct letter by identifying when each derived character first appears:

1. Wings

Wings first appear in the group including flies, dragonflies, and butterflies. Looking at the cladogram, this corresponds to point \( F \).

2. 6 Legs

6 legs are a characteristic of insects (ants, crickets, flies, dragonflies, butterflies) but not spiders or worms. This first appears at \( C \) (the branch leading to insects).

3. Segmented Body

A segmented body is a trait shared by worms, spiders, and insects (all after the root). This first appears at \( A \) (the most basal branch, shared by all these groups).

4. Double set of wings

Butterflies have a double set of wings, and this trait first appears at \( H \) (the branch leading to butterflies).

5. Legs

Legs appear in spiders, ants, crickets, etc., but not worms. This first appears at \( B \) (the branch leading to spiders and insects).

6. Crushing mouthparts

Crickets (and related insects) have crushing mouthparts, appearing at \( E \) (the branch leading to crickets).

7. Curly Antennae

Butterflies have curly antennae, appearing at \( H \)? Wait, no—wait, the cladogram: Wait, the ant? No, wait, the butterfly’s antennae. Wait, maybe \( H \) for butterfly, but let's recheck. Wait, the question 7: Curly Antennae—butterflies have them, so \( H \)? Wait, no, maybe I mixed. Wait, let's re-express:

Wait, let's list each:

1. Wings: Flies, dragonflies, butterflies have wings. The node before them is \( F \), so \( F \).
2. 6 Legs: Insects (ants, crickets, etc.) have 6 legs; spiders have 8, worms none. So \( C \) (branch to insects).
3. Segmented Body: Worms, spiders, insects all have segmented bodies (vs. non-segmented, but here the first node with segmented body is \( A \) (the base of the cladogram, shared by all these groups).
4. Double set of wings: Butterflies have two pairs (double set), so \( H \) (branch to butterfly).
5. Legs: Spiders and insects have legs; worms don’t. So \( B \) (branch to spiders and insects).
6. Crushing mouthparts: Crickets (E branch) have crushing mouthparts, so \( E \).
7. Curly Antennae: Butterflies have curly antennae, so \( H \)? Wait, no—wait, the ant? No, ants have straight. Wait, maybe \( H \) is butterfly, so \( H \).
8. Cerci: Crickets (E) or maybe another? Wait, cerci are abdominal appendages, common in crickets (E) or maybe \( D \)? Wait, maybe I made a mistake, but let's proceed with standard cladogram logic:

Final Matches:

1. Wings: \( \boldsymbol{F} \)
2. 6 Legs: \( \boldsymbol{C} \)
3. Segmented Body: \( \boldsymbol{A} \)
4. Double set of wings: \( \boldsymbol{H} \)
5. Legs: \( \boldsymbol{B} \)
6. Crushing mouthparts: \( \boldsymbol{E} \)
7. Curly Antennae: \( \boldsymbol{H} \) (assuming butterfly’s antennae)
8. Cerci: \( \boldsymbol{D} \) (if cerci are in ants or related, but this may vary—adjust based on cladogram details, but the key is using the order of derived characters).

(Note: For precise answers, the cladogram’s node order is critical. The above is based on typical insect phylogeny and the given diagram’s structure.)

Answer:

To solve this, we analyze the cladogram and match each character to the correct letter by identifying when each derived character first appears:

1. Wings

Wings first appear in the group including flies, dragonflies, and butterflies. Looking at the cladogram, this corresponds to point \( F \).

2. 6 Legs

6 legs are a characteristic of insects (ants, crickets, flies, dragonflies, butterflies) but not spiders or worms. This first appears at \( C \) (the branch leading to insects).

3. Segmented Body

A segmented body is a trait shared by worms, spiders, and insects (all after the root). This first appears at \( A \) (the most basal branch, shared by all these groups).

4. Double set of wings

Butterflies have a double set of wings, and this trait first appears at \( H \) (the branch leading to butterflies).

5. Legs

Legs appear in spiders, ants, crickets, etc., but not worms. This first appears at \( B \) (the branch leading to spiders and insects).

6. Crushing mouthparts

Crickets (and related insects) have crushing mouthparts, appearing at \( E \) (the branch leading to crickets).

7. Curly Antennae

Butterflies have curly antennae, appearing at \( H \)? Wait, no—wait, the cladogram: Wait, the ant? No, wait, the butterfly’s antennae. Wait, maybe \( H \) for butterfly, but let's recheck. Wait, the question 7: Curly Antennae—butterflies have them, so \( H \)? Wait, no, maybe I mixed. Wait, let's re-express:

Wait, let's list each:

1. Wings: Flies, dragonflies, butterflies have wings. The node before them is \( F \), so \( F \).
2. 6 Legs: Insects (ants, crickets, etc.) have 6 legs; spiders have 8, worms none. So \( C \) (branch to insects).
3. Segmented Body: Worms, spiders, insects all have segmented bodies (vs. non-segmented, but here the first node with segmented body is \( A \) (the base of the cladogram, shared by all these groups).
4. Double set of wings: Butterflies have two pairs (double set), so \( H \) (branch to butterfly).
5. Legs: Spiders and insects have legs; worms don’t. So \( B \) (branch to spiders and insects).
6. Crushing mouthparts: Crickets (E branch) have crushing mouthparts, so \( E \).
7. Curly Antennae: Butterflies have curly antennae, so \( H \)? Wait, no—wait, the ant? No, ants have straight. Wait, maybe \( H \) is butterfly, so \( H \).
8. Cerci: Crickets (E) or maybe another? Wait, cerci are abdominal appendages, common in crickets (E) or maybe \( D \)? Wait, maybe I made a mistake, but let's proceed with standard cladogram logic:

Final Matches:

1. Wings: \( \boldsymbol{F} \)
2. 6 Legs: \( \boldsymbol{C} \)
3. Segmented Body: \( \boldsymbol{A} \)
4. Double set of wings: \( \boldsymbol{H} \)
5. Legs: \( \boldsymbol{B} \)
6. Crushing mouthparts: \( \boldsymbol{E} \)
7. Curly Antennae: \( \boldsymbol{H} \) (assuming butterfly’s antennae)
8. Cerci: \( \boldsymbol{D} \) (if cerci are in ants or related, but this may vary—adjust based on cladogram details, but the key is using the order of derived characters).

(Note: For precise answers, the cladogram’s node order is critical. The above is based on typical insect phylogeny and the given diagram’s structure.)