Question

in no other department is a thorough knowledge of history so important as in philosophy. like historical science in general, philosophy is on the one hand, in touch with exact inquiry, while, on the other, it has a certain relationship with art. with the former it has in common its methodical procedure and its cognitive aim; with the latter, its intuitive character and the endeavor to compass the whole of reality with a glance. metaphysical principles are less easily verified from experience than physical hypotheses, but also less easily refuted. systems of philosophy therefore, are not so dependent on our progressive knowledge of facts as the theories of natural science, and change less quickly, notwithstanding their mutual conflicts, and in spite of the talk about discarded standpoints, they possess in a measure the permanence of classical works of art, they retain for all time a certain relative validity.
(from history of modern philosophy by richard falckenberg)
according to the passage, which best describes philosophy’s relationship with art?

1. philosophy is very different from art because philosophy is grounded in inquiry and methodology.
2. philosophy is similar to art because both are pursued for aesthetic reasons which are irrefutable.
3. philosophy is in opposition to art because philosophy is a science based on facts and hypotheses.
4. philosophy is akin to art because both aim to capture all of reality in a single system.

Explanation:

To solve this, we analyze each option:

• Option 1: The passage says philosophy has a "methodical procedure" and is "in touch with exact inquiry", while art (implied by the contrast) is not grounded in inquiry/methodology. So this is incorrect.
• Option 2: The passage states philosophy's systems "possess in a measure the permanence of classical works of art" and both aim to "compass the whole of reality with a glance" (philosophy) and likely art's aesthetic pursuit of capturing reality. So they are similar in pursuing (aesthetic for art, intuitive/cognitive for philosophy) ways to encompass reality, with aesthetic reasons (art) and intuitive/cognitive (philosophy) that are irrefutable (less easily refuted). This matches.
• Option 3: The passage says philosophy's principles are "less easily verified from experience than physical hypotheses" but not that it's a science based on facts/hypotheses like natural science. Also, it's not in opposition to art; the passage shows a similarity. So incorrect.
• Option 4: The passage says philosophy "endeavor to compass the whole of reality with a glance" and art likely does too, but "capture all of reality in a single system" is more philosophy's aim (systems of philosophy), while art's aim is aesthetic, not necessarily a single system. So incorrect.

Answer:

1. Philosophy is similar to art because both are pursued for aesthetic reasons which are irrefutable.