Question

imagine a study that is intended to look at the entire population of a city. it draws a sample from names in the phone book. what type of bias would most likely occur?

a. voluntary - response bias

b. interviewer - induced bias

c. nonresponse bias

d. under - coverage

Explanation:

Under - coverage bias occurs when some members of the population are left out of the sampling frame. In this case, using a phone book to sample the entire city population will miss those without a listed phone number (e.g., unlisted numbers, people without landlines or not in the phone book), so parts of the population are not covered. Voluntary - response bias is about people self - selecting to respond (not relevant here). Interviewer - induced bias is from interviewer influence (not present here). Nonresponse bias is about sampled people not responding (not the case here as the issue is with the sampling frame itself).

Answer:

D. Under - coverage